Civitas et Lex

Modus operandi of perpetrators (criminal groups) smuggling illegal migrants across the border

Marcin Konieczny (Autor) — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

One of the goals of criminology is to collect information on methods of operation and ways of dealing with offenders. Knowing about the modus operandi of the perpetrators makes it possible to combat or prevent certain types of crime more effectively. This aspect seems to be particularly important as it prevents the perpetrators from engaging in illegal behavior. This idea of getting to know and working out methods of operation also applies to criminal groups that organize the transfer of foreigners across the border. Migrant smuggling activities have a long history. There has never been a shortage of foreigners interested in finding a better and easier life. Against this background, a conflict arose, as many countries began to seal their borders for this reason. The situation got complicated in 1985 with the signing of an agreement known as the Schengen Agreement. It was a legal act abolishing checks at the internal borders of the signatory states. The Schengen Agreement guaranteed the free movement of people within the so-called Schengen area. Importantly, it concerned not only citizens of the signatory states, but also people of other nationalities who crossed internal borders in the area covered by the agreement. At various times, this phenomenon was on a massive scale, especially in territories affected by an armed conflict or an economic crisis. That is why the smuggling of migrants across the borders and territories of transit countries has become a criminogenic phenomenon. Recently, it also applies to Poland. This article presents an analysis of the modus operandi of perpetrators smuggling illegal migrants. The content of the study takes into account the problems related to the detection of this type of crime. The analysis of the literature on the subject was supplemented with statistical data on the scale of this type of crime. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the variety of strategies used by criminal groups that offer migrants a paid “service” to help them cross the border illegally.

Zakaz dyskryminacji w systemach prawnych: polskim i czeskim – w aspekcie relacji pracowniczych

Krystyna Ziółkowska (Autor) — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The subject of this study is a comparative legal analysis of the issue of the prohibition of discrimination in the Polish and Czech legal systems. The topic is still valid due to the phenomenon of discrimination among employees in the workplace. The phenomenon of discrimination is multidimensional, and its complexity causes many problems for entities interpreting the provisions in this field. Aspects related to discrimination are not and will not be an easy topic, especially since they concern delicate and sensitive aspects also related to human dignity, including the right to privacy. In employee employment, first of all, employees should be treated equally in terms of the manner of establishing and terminating an employment relationship, employment conditions, professional qualifications, and in particular aspects related to political beliefs, trade union membership or religion. In the first part, issues of a general nature will be presented, primarily those relating to international and European regulations regarding the principle of equality and the prohibition of discrimination. In the further part of the article, the topic of anti-discrimination provisions under Polish and Czech law will be raised and legal solutions in this matter will be presented.

Ofiary za sakramenty i sakramentalia na przykładzie Diecezji Ełckiej

Piotr Mozyro (Autor) — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The subject of the article is to present the issues related to offering and accounting for offerings for sacraments and sacramentals using the example of the Diocese of Ełk. The primary source for these considerations is the Code of Canon Law promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 1983, with amendments up to 2022. The starting point of these considerations is to provide a definition of sacrament and sacramental, essentially referring to the 1983 Code of Canon Law and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, with historical data taken into account. The article further clarifies the concept of offering by referring to its dictionary meaning, whether it is an offering made to God or an offering made of oneself. In the first part, the article also presents the general church legislation regarding offerings made for sacraments and sacramentals, considering issues related to accounting, the sustenance of clergy, determining Mass stipends, iura stolae, and associated practices. In the later part of the article, there is a reference to particular legislation within the Diocese of Ełk, with special emphasis on the statutes of the First Synod of the Diocese of Ełk and decisions made by individual bishops of the Diocese of Ełk. The Synod recalls the force of canon 848 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which states that, on the occasion of administering sacraments, it is permissible to accept an offering determined by competent church authority and in accordance with prevailing custom. In this part of the article, it becomes evident that particular legislation does not make significant resolutions on the discussed issue but rather creates a space for the practical application of the general norm. Particularly, in the Economic Decree of the Diocese of Ełk, certain practical provisions are found. The last part includes the presentation of customs and issues in applying the legal norm and a summary. It is worth noting that the issue of offerings made by the faithful on the occasion of administering sacraments and sacramentals, the voluntary nature of donations, and the fairness of compensation for clergy is a highly complex matter. It combines the spiritual and material aspects – invisible grace and material object. The Church must safeguard the purity of the sign, eliminate any abuses, and simultaneously ensure the fairness of compensation for clergy. In today’s times, when society, including the faithful of the Catholic Church, expects a high level of transparency, it is important to address the issues that can contribute to a better understanding of the practices of the Catholic Church.

Kościoły i parafie diecezji ełckiej (cz. 15)

Wojciech Guzewicz (Autor) — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents the church centers in Monkinie (Our Lady of the Angels), Nowa Wieś Ełcka (St. Joseph the Craftsman), Okartowo (Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary) and two in Olecko (Blessed Virgin Mary Queen of Poland and Exaltation of the Holy Cross).

Bibliografia zawartości czasopisma „Civitas et Lex” (2014-2023)

Wojciech Guzewicz — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The magazine “Civitas et Lex” (p-ISSN 2392-0300; e-ISSN 2449-5522) was established as a quarterly in 2014. It is published by the Publishing House of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn under the auspices of the NATO DEEP program and in cooperation with an international research team CEDICLO. During the ten years of publication of “Civitas et Lex”, a total of 40 issues of the journal were published (4 issues each year) and 346 texts in five sections (From the Editor – 51, Scientific articles – 241, Glosses – 8, Reports – 6, Reviews – 40).

Stress lavoro-correlato nell’operatore sanitario e ruolo del neurodiritto

Flavio Parente (Autor) — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Healthcare workers are a category particularly exposed to the risk of work-related stress with potential negative repercussions on the level of physical and mental health and on working environments. In terms of remediation, the role of neurolaw and scientific research is fundamental to identify the cases that require more incisive intervention tools and greater resources for risk prevention and management.

Audio stream analysis for deep fake threat identification

Karol Jędrasiak (Autor) — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The article introduces a new method for identifying deepfake threats in audio, focusing on detecting synthetic speech generated by text-to-speech algorithms. Central to the presented method are two elements: the Vocal Emotion Analysis (VEA) Network and the Supervised Classifier for Deepfake Detection. The VEA Network detects emotional nuances in speech, while the Classifier uses these features to differentiate between real and fake audio. This approach exploits the inability of deepfake algorithms to replicate the emotional complexity of human speech, adding a semantic layer to the detection process. The system’s effectiveness has been confirmed through tests on various datasets, including in challenging real-world conditions simulated with data augmentation, such as adding white noise. Results show consistent, high accuracy across different datasets and in noisy environments, particularly when trained with noise-augmented data. This method, leveraging voice’s emotions content and advanced machine learning, offers a robust defense against audio manipulation, enhancing the integrity of digital communications amidst the rise of synthetic media.