Olsztyn Economic Journal

The Role of Green Marketing and Greenwashing in Shaping the Organic Food Market in Poland

2025-12-11T21:00:31+00:00

The aim of this article was to analyse the role of green marketing and the phenomenon of greenwashing in shaping the organic food market in Poland. To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted alongside a diagnostic survey using the CAWI method, covering a sample of 168 consumers. The study focused on evaluating consumer awareness, trust in marketing activities, and perceptions of greenwashing. The research results indicate that consumer awareness of the concept of greenwashing is low, with only 24.4% of respondents able to correctly define the term. Respondents declared moderate trust in the marketing efforts of organic food companies, with eco-certificates and product labels being identified as the main factors fostering brand credibility. Additionally, 35.4% of participants reported encountering greenwashing practices, highlighting the need for transparent and authentic marketing communication. High product prices were identified as the primary barrier limiting the purchase of organic food. The study findings emphasize the necessity of authentic green marketing supported by credible certification, transparent messaging, and educational initiatives to increase consumer awareness and trust, ultimately supporting the sustainable development of the organic food market in Poland.

Environmental Awareness and Students' Purchasing Decisions

2025-12-11T21:00:30+00:00

The main aim of the research was to identify the impact of students’ environmental awareness on their decision-making process when making purchases. In order to effectively and comprehensively achieve the intended purpose of the research, a diagnostic survey method was used. The research tool was a survey questionnaire developed using the Google Forms tool. The survey made it possible to determine the level of students’ environmental awareness and to present their attitudes and behaviours when making purchasing decisions. Knowledge of students’ level of environmental awareness will allow an assessment of whether and to what extent environmental awareness translates into actual consumer behaviour and purchasing decisions. It will enable an understanding of the dynamics of change in the transition to sustainable consumption and an understanding of the factors that can have a significant impact on increasing the consumption of green goods.

The Role of Talent Management in Knowledge-Based Organizations

2025-12-11T21:00:32+00:00

The aim of this article is to theoretically analyze the specifics of talent management in knowledge-
-based organizations, with particular emphasis on the factors that determine the effectiveness of this process. The author aims to demonstrate the importance of a strategic approach to identifying, developing, and retaining high-potential employees, as well as to characterize selected talent management models in the context of knowledge organizations. Talent management is a complex and strategic process centered on high-potential human resources. It encompasses both the identification and development of individuals distinguished by special abilities, as well as the design and implementation of organizational processes aimed at their effective acquisition, deployment, retention and further support in their development. The approach also takes into account the necessity of forming long-term relationships with talented individuals - both at the stage before and after the formal establishment of cooperation - as well as taking care of favorable conditions for their functioning within the organization or in a partnership relationship. The article is theoretical in nature and its main purpose is to show the specifics of talent management in the conditions of knowledge-based organizations. It presents the essence of this type of organization and discusses selected models of talent management. Attention was also paid to factors that can significantly limit the effectiveness of the process in question. Among the barriers identified as key are the following: unfavorable employer image in the labor market, trust deficit in intra-organizational relations, limiting the space for cooperation and knowledge exchange between talented employees and the organizational environment, lack of systemic recognition of individual competencies, low level of involvement of top management in talent development issues, creating an atmosphere of employment insecurity, tolerating the presence of people lacking key competencies.

From Sustainability to a Regenerative Economy – Planet-Centric Transformation in the Face of Contemporary Challenges

2025-12-11T21:00:29+00:00

The text is devoted to the idea of regenerative development, which is a response to the challenges of the climate crisis, depletion of natural resources and social inequalities, going beyond the traditional approach of sustainable development. Regenerativity is treated as a premise for active repair and reconstruction of natural and social systems, for their further evolution and strengthening. The changes of the goals of the green transformation are presented, from the ecological economy, through sustainable, to regenerative, the aim of which is to improve the well-being of the environment and meet social needs. The analysis takes into account axiological, economic and social aspects, emphasising the importance of the planetocentric approach and the role of interdisciplinarity in designing innovative solutions, especially in cities.
The text stresses that the planetocentric axiology of the transformation requires a departure from traditional economic growth in favor of harmony with ecosystems, focusing on the quality of life, social equality and ecological health. Concepts such as degrowth, zero-growth or the donut economy indicate the need for a profound change in values and development goals, integrating the aforementioned environmental, social and economic goals. Regenerative urban ecosystems and a transdisciplinary approach are key to effective transformation.
The idea of regenerative development has a tradition of over a hundred years. Initially, it was associated with the development of urban and rural spaces, and today it is understood as active support for biodiversity and the complexity of living systems. Regenerative design replaces anthropocentrism with a biocentric model, striving for synergy between different areas of human activity to preserve the planet’s evolutionary capabilities. By exploring the axiological, practical, and theoretical foundations of this shift, the article aims to provide a basis for further reflection and action towards a more sustainable and regenerative future. The text is a voice in the discussion on the need to change management paradigms to planet-centric ones, preventing crises and serving a more just future.

Determinants of Health Care Expenditure in Poland in the Years 2014-2023

2025-12-11T21:00:27+00:00

This study aimed to assess the development of healthcare expenditure in Poland and identify its determinants. Changes in the structure of this expenditure were analysed, as was its share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the amount of healthcare expenditure per capita in Poland between 2014 and 2023 was calculated and evaluated. During the period under review, healthcare expenditure in Poland was growing, but both its share of GDP and its per capita level were lower than the average in other EU countries The determinants of healthcare expenditure in Poland were identified, dividing them into: legal, macroeconomic, political, unexpected events, demographic, social, environmental, technological, systemic and those resulting from globalisation processes. Determinants were divided into those dependent and independent of the state, pointing to possible ways of dealing with them. The biggest barrier to the growth of healthcare expenditure in Poland is macroeconomic in nature, as it results from the country’s GDP. Other significant problems related to the development of healthcare expenditure result from the ageing of the population and systemic errors. During the analysed period, the Covid-19 pandemic was also a significant factor in the development of healthcare expenditure in Poland.

To Pay or Not to Pay? Investigating Students’ Willingness to Pay for ChatGPT

2025-12-11T21:00:28+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing at a dynamic pace, playing an increasingly significant role across various sectors, including education. One widely used AI-based tool is ChatGPT, available in both a free version and a subscription-based variant offering extended functionalities. However, while the rapid adoption of such tools by students is well-documented, there remains a significant gap in the literature concerning the economic behaviours governing this new market, particularly regarding the price sensitivity of student users and the factors influencing their decision to convert from free to paid tiers. The existence of a paid version of this tool prompted a study which investigated students’ willingness to incur costs in exchange for additional features, as well as their reactions to potential price changes. The aim of this article is to determine the willingness of economics students to purchase the subscription version of ChatGPT and to analyse their responses to possible price modifications. Moreover, the study addresses the relationship between the perceived quality of the content generated by the tool and students’ willingness to pay for the premium version. A quantitative research approach was employed, based on an online survey (CAWI), in which 342 undergraduate and graduate students participated. The questionnaire included items concerning the frequency of ChatGPT usage, the evaluation of the quality of generated content, and the willingness to purchase the paid version under various pricing scenarios. Statistical methods were applied for data analysis, including measures of central tendency and correlation tests. The results indicate that ChatGPT is widely used among students – 94.4% of respondents reported using the tool, with the majority (88.9%) opting for the free version. The frequency of usage varied. Price sensitivity analysis revealed that a 25% increase in the price of the cheapest subscription would not significantly affect the decisions of most current paid users. However, a 50% price increase would result in 36.1% of them cancelling their subscription, while a 75% increase would lead to a reduction in the number of subscribers by more than half. Conversely, a 25% price decrease in the cheapest paid version would encourage 16.8% of free users to subscribe; a 50% reduction would increase this share to 42.3%, and a 75% reduction could persuade up to 70% of respondents to purchase the subscription. The article also presents the results of a Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, examining the relationship between the perceived quality of ChatGPT’s output and the willingness to purchase the paid version in the event of a price reduction. No significant evidence was found to suggest that individuals who rate the quality of ChatGPT responses more highly are more inclined to subscribe to the paid version if the price decreases.

Application of Methods of Two-Dimensional Data Analysis Based on Observation Depth Measure in a Sample

2025-12-11T21:00:25+00:00

In Poland, cycling is becoming increasingly popular as a fast form of transport and recreation. The aim of this study was to assess the density of bicycle paths and the percentage of road accidents involving bicycles as the responsible vehicle in voivodeships, using selected statistical methods based on observation depth measure in a sample. The methods used allowed for the ranking of voivodeships in terms of the values of the diagnostic features studied and the identification of voivodeships with the lowest or highest values of bicycle path density and the percentage of road accidents in which a bicycle was the vehicle responsible. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the highest density of bicycle paths in the years under study was recorded in the Pomorskie, Wielkopolskie, and Śląskie voivodeships, while the highest percentage of road accidents in which a bicycle was the perpetrator was recorded in the Małopolskie and Podkarpackie voivodeships. The lowest density of bicycle paths was recorded in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship.

The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Resilience of Poland’s Wheat Supply Chains – an Analysis of Changes in the Configuration of Poland’s Export Market

2025-12-11T21:00:24+00:00

This article presents the results of a study on the macroeconomic aspects of the resilience of Poland’s wheat export logistics system. The aim of the research is to identify changes in the configuration of Poland’s wheat export markets in 2022–2023 in response to disruptions in international supply chains caused by the Russia–Ukraine war. The analysis focuses on the interaction and competition between the global wheat supply networks of Poland and Ukraine during the large-scale disruption of 2022–2023. The statistical analysis covers the period from 2012 to 2025. Qualitative methods – stratification and comparative analysis – confirmed the proposed hypotheses. The study reveals that Poland’s wheat export network did not exploit Ukraine’s weakened market position during the crisis, but instead expanded into regions where Ukraine had shown weak or no prior export interest. Overall, Poland’s wheat export network maintained and strengthened its position in the European and African markets during the 2022–2023 crisis.

Macroeconomic Assessment of the Structure of Income and Expenditures of the Household Sector of Ukraine in 2021-2024

2025-12-11T21:00:23+00:00

The article examines the macroeconomic assessment and structure of household income and expenditure in Ukraine in 2021-2024 using a developed system of universal indicators (income, expenditure, poverty, inequality, financial stability). This approach enabled analysis under conditions of limited access to sample surveys. Significant negative consequences of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine were identified: despite nominal growth, real disposable incomes fell sharply in 2022 and only partially recovered. A forced concentration of expenditure on basic needs was observed, as evidenced by an increase in the Engel coefficient to 54.5% in 2024. A large-scale deepening of poverty (with the risk of poverty doubling) and inequality (the Gini coefficient increased from 0.257 to 0.465) was identified, disproportionately affecting the least well-off. The undermining of financial sustainability is confirmed (negative savings rate in 2022). The results justify the need to revise welfare criteria and differentiate the application of social assistance for vulnerable groups of the population (IDPs, large families, rural residents).

EU-oriented Trajectories of Sustainable Development of Ukrainian Transport Sector: Comparison with Poland

2025-12-02T18:22:16+00:00

This study examines the sustainable development of Ukraine’s transport sector amid Ukraine’s EU integration. It aims to assess how Ukraine’s sustainable transport trajectories align with EU-27 trends, with particular focus on Poland. The system of sustainable transport and mobility indicators was constructed based on the SuM4All methodological framework, which ensures a comprehensive and coherent representation of environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The research covers three periods: before COVID-19, during the pandemic, and during Russia’s aggression against Ukraine (2022–2023). The comparative analysis of efficiency, universal access, safety, and environmental performance employed official statistics from Ukraine, Poland, the EU, OECD, the World Bank, and national professional associations. The findings reveal that Ukraine’s transport sector only partially follows the EU trajectories. Notably, indicators of universal access and efficiency display trends opposite to those in the EU, while road safety has been gradually improving but remains below the EU average. The environmental dimension demonstrates the strongest relative progress, which may be associated with the gradual decline in transport activity in Ukraine. These results can be used to develop scenarios for the sustainable and resilience-based transformation of Ukraine’s transport sector in the process of EU integration.