Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

Поліщук, Я., Сім поглядів на війну. Київ: Дух і літера, 2025; 240 с.

2026-06-12T14:43:41+00:00

Żywy symbol świetności – obraz Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego w pamięci Polaków guberni północno-zachodnich w świetle pamiętnika Witolda Małcużyńskiego

2026-07-19T22:33:29+00:00

The article analyzes how Vilnius University (1803-1832) functioned as a figure of memory for Poles in the Northwestern Governorates of the Russian Empire after its suppression in 1832. The primary source is the manuscript memoir of Witold Małcużyński, which records the recollections of his father, Stanisław – a graduate of a teachers’ seminary and later a schoolteacher. The study combines ego-document analysis with microhistory and cultural memory studies, juxtaposing the narrative with the context of Russification following the uprisings of 1830/31 and 1863/64. Based on the manuscript memoir, it reconstructs the channels through which the memory of Vilnius University was transmitted (family storytelling, teachers’ milieus) as well as the repertoire of images of the university that sustained communal identity into the early twentieth century. The analysis indicates that this memory functioned as a symbolic resource and a point of reference for Poles in the Northwestern Governorates amid intensifying repressions by the partitioning power.

Regional financial potential and sustainable development: lessons from Poland for Ukraine

2026-07-19T22:33:28+00:00

This study examines the development of regional financial potential in the context of European integration by comparing Poland’s Opole region and Ukraine’s Ivano-Frankivsk region over 2004-2023. Its aim is to identify differences in the structure and dynamics of financial potential and to determine how Ukrainian regions can strengthen their financial capacity by adapting Polish best practices. The research systematises the indicators that constitute regional financial potential and proposes an original interpretation of the concept and a methodological approach to its assessment. A comprehensive analysis of the budgetary sector, business environment, and household finances reveals substantial disparities between the regions despite their similar administrative structures. These differences are most apparent in local budget revenue composition, the balance between own and borrowed capital in the business sector, and household financial autonomy. This study addresses a gap in the economic literature by offering a comparative analysis of local finances and their influence on regional development.

Realizacja 7 celu zrównoważonego rozwoju w wybranych państwach Europy Wschodniej w latach 2014-2023

2026-07-19T22:33:27+00:00

The aim of the article is to assess the implementation of the 7th Sustainable DEvelopment Goal in Eastern European countries, i.e. Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, in the years 2014-2023 against the background of EU countries. The basis for the assessment is a synthetic measure calculated utilizing one of the multidimensional comparative analysis methods, using 7 variables defining this goal. The level of implementation of the 7th Sustainable Development Goal of Eastern European countries was compared with other EU countries, and its changes over time were assessed. In both compared years, i.e. in 2023 and 2014, two Eastern European countries - Estonia and Latvia, took respectively 3rd and 4th place against the background of the EU in terms of 7th Sustainable Development Goal implementation, giving way to only two countries, i.e. Sweden and Denmark. The third of the assessed countries, i.e. Lithuania, reached 21st place in the ranking of EU countries in 2023. Mentioned country is also implementing the 7th Sustainable Development Goal, as indicated by the increase in the value of the synthetic measure, however this process is slightly slower.

Specyfika organizacji społecznej i państwowej Wajnachów w okresie XV-XVIII wieku

2026-07-19T22:33:26+00:00

The Vainakhs, who include the Chechens, Ingush and Bacoi, were the only people of the North Caucasus who managed to resist the 13th-century Mongol invasions, taking refuge in hard-to-reach mountain valleys in present-day Chechnya. After the fall of the Golden Horde and Timur’s State in the Caucasus, a new balance of political power emerged, ensuring relative security for the Vainakhs. This allowed for the continuation of the consolidation of the Caucasian highlanders, which had begun in the 14th century, and the emergence of a specific social and state organization at the end of the 15th century. It was based on a federation of clan-
-tribal organizations, creating thukums and taipas. The supreme body of this state was the State Council, called Mehk-Kheł, which performed legislative, executive, judicial and control functions. The social organization of the Vainakhs in the period under discussion also showed specific features. Its basis was the freemen and a small number of dependent people recruited from among prisoners of war and freedmen. Despite the increasing stratification of wealth and attempts at subjugation by Kabardian, Kumyk and Avar princes and khans, the vast majority of uzdeni managed to maintain their independence. The Vainakh state organization system remained unchanged until the beginning of the 19th century.

Transformacja sił zbrojnych Federacji Rosyjskiej w latach 1992-2022. Od demobilizacji do konfrontacji

2026-07-19T22:33:25+00:00

Russia’s armed forces play an important role in ensuring the country’s security and international position. Their initial composition significantly burdened the budget of stagnant Russia, which was unable to maintain such a large army. The process of transformation of the Russian army began immediately after its formation. In the 1990s, the introduced changes boiled down to reducing the number of soldiers and disbanding poorly trained military units. It was only in the first decade of the 21st century that the search for optimal organizational solutions began to be sought, allowing for the maintenance of a small, but well-trained and ready to defend the country army. However, the scope of these reforms did not meet the expectations of the state authorities, which, in the face of the growing competition between the great powers, decided that only a sufficiently large armed force would guarantee Russia’s effective actions on the international arena. Hence, the second and the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century was a period of intensive reorganization of the Russian army, combined with the modernization of the armament and increasing combat readiness. As a result of these actions, the Russian armed forces were ready to take confrontational actions, which was reflected in the aggression against Ukraine in February 2022.

Zmiany w ukraińskim systemie partyjnym w kontekście agresji Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec Ukrainy

2026-07-19T22:33:24+00:00

The commencement of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine significantly affected changes in the Ukrainian party system. The previously influential political parties, namely the Party of Regions and the Communist Party of Ukraine, ceased to play any role in it. In addition, the process of outlawing pro-Russian parties was initiated, which accelerated substantially with Russia’s launch of a full-scale war in 2022. Among others, the Opposition Platform – For Life, which had the status of a parliamentary party at the time, was banned. At the same time, the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine contributed to the domination of the Ukrainian political scene by pro-Western parties.

English language teachers’ online community of practice during the Ukrainian refugee crisis: A thematic analysis of Facebook group discussions

2026-07-19T22:33:23+00:00

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in a sudden influx of refugee learners into Polish schools, placing teachers under significant pedagogical and emotional pressure. This study examines how Polish teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) sought support and articulated professional challenges within a virtual community of practice, using a Facebook group as their platform, during this crisis. The analysis is based on 67 Facebook posts and 838 comments published between February 2022 and September 2023 in the largest EFL teachers’ Facebook group. Using thematic analysis, the study identifies key challenges related to the emotional burden, language barriers, assessment, and curriculum adaptation. The findings show that this virtual community fulfilled core functions of a community of practice, including problem solving, experience sharing, and emotional reassurance, compensating for limited institutional guidance.

Польські студенти Михайла Грушевського у Львівському Університеті: кількісна динаміка та дидактичні преференції

2026-07-19T22:33:22+00:00

The article reconstructs the student audience of M. Hrushevsky of Polish origin, namely, its quantitative parameters and didactic preferences. The study has revealed that the dean’s catalogs portray Hrushevsky as a sought-after professor for Polish youth, who, along with Jews, were the largest group among the scientist’s non-Ukrainian students. When choosing the historian’s courses, Polish students pursued the goal of deepening and diversifying their professional interests in the field of history and culture of lands that, in their ideas, were an integral part of the Polish-Lithuanian civilizational space. We have concluded that the knowledge acquired by Polish students at the lectures of Hrushevsky on deconstructing imperial narratives contributed to their rethinking of the past of their people. Communication with the professor also prompted them to understand the cultural and political demands of Ukrainians, which contributed to the establishment of an interethnic dialogue.

Spory o wiersz Josifa Brodskiego На независимость Украины. Część 2

2026-07-19T22:33:21+00:00

The article attempts to reconstruct the premises that led to Joseph Brodsky’s writing of the (anti)elegy On the Independence of Ukraine. According to critics’ opinions that accuse the poet and justify his attitude, Brodsky was influenced by many external factors (e.g., the ideological pressure of the culture in which he was formed) and often unconscious psychological stimuli, which were a realisation of the social unawareness of Russian culture. In the article, opinions of famous intellectuals, writers and literary critics (Czesław Miłosz, Bengt Jangfeld, Oksana Zabużhko, Aleksander Fiut, and others) were taken into account.

Rosyjskojęzyczne środowisko literackie przeciwko wojnie Rosji z Ukrainą. Próba rekonesansu

2026-07-19T22:33:20+00:00

The article reviews the attitudes of Russian writers towards Russia’s war against Ukraine, which has been going on since 2014 and has taken a full-scale form since 2022. It focuses on the anti-war wing of the contemporary Russian-language literary scene. The following issues were discussed: the impact of the war on the psychological condition of writers and poets openly opposing the Kremlin’s policy (declared feelings of anger, indignation, shock, shame at Russia’s aggression against Ukraine), the forms of protest they undertake (charity work for Ukrainians, participation in fund-raisers, emigration from the country), creative strategies, the conditions of artistic activity in exile (confrontation with anti-Russian sentiments present in the Western community) and in Russia (Vladimir Putin’s repressive cultural policy) are discussed. The context for the analysis of the part of the Russian literary scene in opposition to the Kremlin is Emmanuel Lévinas’s thought on war as an ontological condition.

Приключения шести лейтенантов, или о новом гипотетическом поджанре современного российского военно-исмторического фильма о Второй мировой (Великой Отечественной) войне

2026-07-19T22:33:19+00:00

The article identifies the emergence of a new subgenre in contemporary Russian war cinema – the “modern allegorical-symbolic tale of a lieutenant”. Its origin is traced to Jaropolk Lapshin’s 1989 film Before Dawn, in which a young NKVD officer undergoes an ideological transformation: he loses faith in Stalinism and discovers the moral heroism of the persecuted. Kajtoch argues that this work refers to the so-called “lieutenant’s prose” of the 1960s – literature portraying war through the eyes of young officers – but employs its narrative scheme for new, post-totalitarian purposes. The author discusses subsequent films – The Forty-Five, A Local Engagement, Lieutenant Suvorov, The Demoted, and Three Days of Lieutenant Kravtsov – which depict the maturation of young commanders and their confrontation with the absurdity of war. In these films, a simple didactic plot gradually acquires an allegorical dimension. In the best examples, it becomes enriched with moral and existential meanings: war turns into a space of trial, death into an experience of purification, and the protagonists’ fate into a metaphor of spiritual redemption. Kajtoch emphasizes that the recurrence of motifs, narrative structures, and character types creates a recognizable set of generic features. At the same time, the increasingly evident symbolism – religious, moral, and metaphysical – distinguishes these films from traditional realist war cinema. Thus, the new subgenre of Russian war film combines the framework of a popular action narrative with a deeper reflection on faith, the meaning of life, and human responsibility in the face of history.

Aigel’s song Gas as an anti-war manifesto: Poetical, musical and folklore aspects

2026-07-19T22:33:18+00:00

This paper analyzes the song Gas by Aigel Gaisina as a contemporary reinterpretation of the folkloristic genre of lamentations. The core research question addresses how the song utilizes traditional poetics while subverting and deconstructing them to reflect collective trauma and anti-war sentiment following 2022. The theoretical framework combines folkloristic studies with musical analysis, drawing on Baroque symbolism and song studies. Methodologically, the study employs textual analysis, intertextual comparisons, and musical semiotics. The paper argues that Gas incorporates ritualistic syntax, tabooed lexemes, and archetypal imagery, adapting them to a modern context. It highlights the song’s duality, drawing from both Slavic and Tatar lament traditions while rejecting their consolatory functions. Instead, the song portrays death as omnipresent and inescapable. This bleak imagery critiques war, framing it as senseless violence that eradicates hope and humanity. These findings contribute to understanding contemporary folklore-inspired art as a medium for expressing societal despair, political critique, and anti-war messages.

Die Komplementsätze mit den Subjunktoren ČTO ‘dass’ und KAK ‘wie’ im Gegenwartsrussischen unter einem partiellen Vergleich mit ihren deutschen Entsprechungen

2026-07-19T22:33:17+00:00

The subject of the study are the object clauses with the complementizers ČTO ‘that’ and KAK ‘how’ in modern Russian, with a partial comparison to their German counterparts. The study concerns the alternations of syntactic actants, implemented in the form of a dependent clause. The authors focus on one type of such semantically conditioned alternations. For this purpose, the authors compare alternative syntactic forms of sentential actants with the Russian complementizers ČTO | KAK and the German equivalents DASS | WIE. The analysis shows that each type of sentential actant allows for different valency classes, and there are also differences between the studied languages: German and Russian.

Pragmatyka wybranych orientalizmów w dyskursie współczesnego rosyjskiego ultraprawosławia

2026-07-19T22:33:16+00:00

The presented analysis of the pragmatics of orientalisms in the discourse of radical orthodoxy makes it clear that the pragmatic dimension of oriental borrowings depends on the context and subject matter of the speech. In the studied discourse, historical borrowings reveal their pragmatic potential mainly in isolation from historical narratives. They then become a signal of danger, a sign of the possible return of what was considered bad in historical experience. Exoticisms, on the other hand, become pragmatically expressive only when they are abstracted from narratives about the territories and cultures from which they originate and used in statements about territories and cultures to which the sender believes they do not or should not belong. In both cases, the texts studied clearly show that the ensconced oriental borrowings quite often are an expression of the sender’s worldview.

Agresja językowa w wypowiedziach Dmitrija Miedwiediewa

2026-07-19T22:33:15+00:00

Verbal aggression is a common feature of political discourse, especially in the communication styles of Russian politicians such as Putin, Lavrov, and Zhirinovsky. Dmitry Medvedev, once known as a liberal and soft-spoken politician, became more aggressive after the Russian-Ukrainian war began in 2022. Hostile and aggressive messages started appearing regularly on Medvedev’s official social media accounts on Twitter and Telegram. The author of the article discusses the exponents of aggressive language in these messages, which often contain insults and threats. Furthermore, he points out potential reasons for Medvedev’s shift in rhetoric, attributing it to a deliberate change in his communication strategy.

Polish-Ukrainian language contacts in the context of dialectal lexicography in the late 19th century: Słowniczek prowincyоnalizmów podolskich by A. Kremer

2026-07-19T22:33:14+00:00

The article explores Polish-Ukrainian language contacts in the context of dialectal lexicography exemplified by Słowniczek prowincуоnalizmów Podolskich, ułozony w Kamieńcu Podolskim w roku 1863 (further in the article – Dictionary) by Aleksander Кrеmer, a Polish scholar who lived in Kamyanets-Podilsky, a city in the region of Podillia in Ukraine. In his Dictionary, Kremer documented the local dialect of the Polish language spoken by Polish-
-speaking residents in Kamyanets-Podilsky, which contained lexical items borrowed from Ukrainian. Accordingly, Kremer’s Dictionary provides a rare insight into Polish-Ukrainian language contacts on the dialectal level. Furthermore, Kremer compared the dialectal lexical items collected and recorded by him in Kamyanets-Podilsky with the lexical material of Słownik języka polskiego compiled by S. Linde (1807-1814). However, Kremer’s Dictionary has not been properly researched in the prior studies. In this light, the aim of this article is to identify and systematize the Polish-Ukrainian language contacts that are reflected in Dictionary. The results of the study have revealed multiple instances of the local dialect of Ukrainian in Kremer’s Dictionary, which are further discussed in the article. The results of the study are relevant to historical linguists, dialectologists, and ethnographers in Ukraine as well as in Poland.

Archaiczne i anachroniczne ukrainizmy w polszczyźnie

2026-07-19T22:33:13+00:00

The article aims primarily to characterize the chronologically marked Ukrainisms present in the Polish language. Its material base is the latest register of Ukrainisms drawn up in 2023 by Kraków linguist Adam Fałowski. The excerpted material shows the richness of historical linguistic forms, but it is difficult to determine a reliable number of the described borrowings because, among other things, only part of the examined vocabulary has remained semantically unchanged since its first attestation in Polish sources. The article focuses both on direct Ukrainian borrowings and words whose borrowing was mediated by the Ukrainian language (mainly orientalisms), for example, basałyk, bułat, czajka, horda, hreczkosiej, kociuba, kołczan, oczajdusza, szaławiła. The analysed words are an interesting linguistic document of life in distant ages. The realities of bygone days recorded in them reflect the centuries-old historical and cultural connections between Poland and Ukraine.

Тривиализация песенных цитат в русском бытовом и публицистическом дискурсе

2026-07-19T22:33:12+00:00

The article is devoted to the analysis of functionally indirect quotation of song fragments in Russian domestic and publicistic discourse. Two possibilities of trivialization and adaptation of quoted statements to everyday and socially significant situations are considered – literalization of their content and referents (including formal contraction of the meaning of the phrase to a single concept), as well as functional transformation (including remetaphorization). Quoting song phrases is considered in the article against the background of the general phenomenon of creating precedent statements as autonomous linguistic analytical signs.

Akt mowy życzenie we współczesnym języku polskim i rosyjskim – ujęcie pragmalingwistyczne

2026-07-19T22:33:11+00:00

The aim of this paper is to present the speech act of wishing in contemporary Polish and Russian, including an attempt to define this act and a proposal for its basic structure. Wishing, frequently associated with politeness, is usually classified as an expressive speech act. In this paper, we take into consideration positive wishes. We emphasize the complexity of wishing which can be expressed directly and indirectly. We observe that wishing can be combined with other speech acts, including congratulating. Besides, it may be expressed with other speech acts, including approval, praising and complementing.