Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

Verification of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) – on the example of exchange indexes of central and eastern Europe countries

Lesław Markowski — 2024-06-10

The stock exchanges of CEE countries constitute a minor part of the capital of the entire Europe, but they are dynamically developing and cooperating capital markets. After 30 years of development, it seems reasonable whether the processes of asset pricing in them are aimed at the efficiency level of developed markets and are subject to the postulates of pricing models, such as CAPM. The work aims to test the standard CAPM using the CEE country indices. Apart from the classical approach, conditional regressions in relation to the global market condition are an important contribution to the research. The obtained results indicate that the significance of the risk premium, largely depends on the sign of the market returns, showing the advantage of conditional relations over unconditional ones. The research analyzed the sensitivity of the results to the existing socio-political crises and assessed the risk of selected stock exchanges.

Russian energy subsides as a form of covert economic suport: the goals and assumptions of Russian energy policy towards Belarus

Arkadiusz Czwołek — 2024-06-10

The article aims to present the role Russian crude oil and natural gas play in Belarus’ economy, and is based on content analysis and comparative method. The analysis covers the years 2010-2021 and discusses statistical data on Russian-Belarusian cooperation regarding oil and gas. The article analyzes the amount of Russian energy support for the Belarusian economy. After 2015, Russia initiated the process of optimizing further support for Belarus. The restriction on the volume of Russian oil transmitted to Belarus will translate into a 2-3 drop in Belarusian GDP. The import of oil from Russia will decrase even by 60%, which will minimize Belarusʼ profits from oil export. In the coming years Belarus will remain almost entirely depended on Russian gas and oil.

FinTech lenders on the consumer finance market in Central and Eastern Europe

Krzysztof Waliszewski — 2024-06-10

The authors analyze the consumer finance markets in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe against the background of the markets of the EU countries and the Euro area, with particular emphasis on non-bank lending institutions that use financial technologies to grant loans to consumers. As research shows, these loans are more expensive than traditional consumer bank loans, but more accessible, more flexible and tailored to the needs of customers from different generations. Black swans – sudden, unpredictable events – do not, in principle, change the demand for consumer credit but merely slow the growth dynamics of the market, which returns to its pre-disruption level after some time.

Assessment of the level of sustainable development of Central and Eastern European countries compared to the EU-27 – a multidimensional comparative analysis

Małgorzata Stec — 2024-06-10

The paper presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the level of sustainable development of Central and Eastern European countries that are EU members. The research was based on the Eurostat database for 2020, including a set of 22 variables determining the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The research method used was the zero unitarization method. The results of the research conducted confirm that in 2020 the countries of Central and Eastern Europe were diversified not only in terms of the general level of sustainable development, but also in its individual dimensions. Among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Slovenia, Estonia and Poland had the best situation in terms of the overall level of sustainable development. On the other hand, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Romania, had the worst. The research also confirmed that the strongest side of the surveyed countries was the environmental dimension of sustainable development.

On Prayers during The journey to Holy Places in 1830 by Andrey Muravyev. From the Research on Literature and Language

Anna Kościołek — 2024-06-10

Conversation with God accompanied people of various times, nations and religions, because of a universal dimension of the desire for dialogue with the Absolute. The article attempts to analyze those of the prayers which Andrey Muravyev, a Russian writer, poet, state and church activist, practiced during his first pilgrimage to Palestine. Texts of the prayers were from The journey to Holy Places in 1830 (2 vols), which is a record of the author’s experiences and impressions from his pilgrimage to the Holy Land. As an epigraph to both parts of this Muravyev’s work, the words from Ps 135(134) – a hymn of praise to the Lord who works miracles – were served. Attention of the article is paid to: the sense of the prayers, their biographical and literary context, the lexical and partly grammatical material, which Muravyev used (making necessary reference to the Greek and (or) Hebrew sources of Church Slavonic translations of the prayers) and their theological message as well.

Baltic history of Europe: truths and fictions

Alina Kuzborska — 2024-06-10

The subject of this article is a review of the work of Lithuanian pseudo-historians on alleged misinterpretations of European history in the early Middle Ages, resulting from translation errors of 19th-century German historiography. According to Lithuanian Venezuelan researcher J. Statkutė de Rosales, the origin of the misunderstandings was a mistranslation of a passage from Jordanes’ work Getica. The German translation implied that Goths (Germans) who came from Gotland colonized the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. Statkutė de Rosales assumes that the Goths, or Gudas (lit. gudai), were a Baltic people, living on the continent from time immemorial, their command center was Gothiscandza, or present-day Gdansk, and the Baltic Ostrogoths and Visigoths not only conquered Rome, but also colonized the Iberian peninsula. Statkutė de Rosales used linguistic tools, and by ‘correcting’ the translation offered a new interpretation of history to prove the thesis of the Baltic roots of Europe.

Houses of the future. Parallels between futurist poetics and architecture – on selected examples from the work of Velimir Khlebnikov

Ksenia Dubiel — 2024-06-10

The subject of the article is to investigate the influence of futuristic architectural concepts on the work of the Russian cubofuturist Velimir Khlebnikov. The theme of the presence in the poet’s formal poetry of elements convergent with an organic tendency in design and architecture, developed in the circles of Russian constructivists, is of particular importance here. The research material consists of both poetic and journalistic-prose texts, in which the author directly refers not only to urban architecture, but also shows a deep understanding of the essence of the phenomena of the city and home. The research showed the relationship between the form of the text and its semantic potential in imaging urban space. The work in its empirical part is focused on theoretical and literary research, with particular emphasis on the analysis of versification patterns of poems.

The image of Poland in the Russian immigrant press: according to the materials of “Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya” («La Russie illustrée», 1924-1939)

Iwona Anna Ndiaye — 2024-06-10

The author made an attempt to consider the image of Poland, presented in the pages of the Russian émigré press. The source of the study was the publication of the illustrated Russian émigré journal “Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya” (“Illustrated Russia”); 1924-1939, Paris), which closely followed international events, including coverage of Polish events. The use of the content analysis method helped to get an idea of the formation of the image of Poland in the Russian emigrant press from various aspects of public life: political, cultural and literary. The study of the media image was carried out on two main types of data: textual and visual. As part of our study, thematic typing of the collected material and tagging of text were carried out, the necessary selection of articles by topic, headings and genres was made, and a content analysis of the frequency of occurrence of tags in the time period was carried out. In the process of identifying key categories, the following elements of the media message were taken into account: the number of publications, their positioning and volume, the type of illustrations, the type of publication, the message contained in the headlines.

Suitcase, platform and wagon… The fate of refuge in Memoirs of Nadezhda Teffi

Nel Bielniak — 2024-06-10

The first-wave Russian emigrants who left the country as a result of the October Revolution in 1917 and the civil war were united by a deep awareness of the loss of their roots and the need to preserve the memory of their former homeland and the tragic historical events that contributed to the exodus. Hence the huge popularity of the so-called “memory” literature among emigre writers and its diversity. The aim of this article is to include Memoirs of Nadezhda Teffi in the memoirs of the first wave of Russian emigration, dealing with the subject of the civil war and escape from Sovdepia. Typical distinguishing features of the reggee fate related to the category of memory were analysed, which include a suitcase, a platform and a wagon (similarly: a trunk, a harbor, a cabin). These attributes (except for a suitcase) did not attract the attention of researchers, although the plot of the work, which is the author’s subjective account, is largely focused around them. As a result, it was proved that they played various roles in the biographies of emigrants, reflecting new realities and social moods, often going far beyond their usual purpose or becoming symbols. This allows us to conclude that in her memoirs, Teffi combines the individual and collective dimension of remembering, because she shows a breakthrough moment in the history of the homeland from the narrator’s individual perspective through the details of everyday life, and is also part of the mission of Russian émigré literature by co-shaping the memory of the recent past.

The Favière text of first-wave Russian émigré literature: the Arcady of exiles

Jolanta Brzykcy — 2024-06-10

The article is dedicated to representations of a French village of La Favière in the first-wave Russian émigré literature and painting. The objects of study include S. Chernyy’s poetry, A. Kuprin’s Gouron Headland and M. Tsvetaeva’s poems. Emphasis has also been placed on the epistolography, memoiristics and paintings of Russian emigrants visiting the village. Various Favière’s images are treated – by analogy with Toporov’s St. Petersburg text –
as a Favière text: an integrated system of texts, created within a specific time frame and within the boundaries of the semiosphere, characterized by a high degree of consistency in terms of code, context and addressee, understandable to a specific population and containing a detailed baggage of meanings. The way in which Favière is presented as locus amoenus, makes the Favière text unique. In the system of local texts of Russian émigré literature, connected by the motif of foreignness as locus horribilis, Favière is a rare example of Arcadia found in exile.

The orthodox icon at the junction of spiritual and political routes. Selected problems

Marta Zając — 2024-06-10

This paper is meant as a commentary on less obvious developments of Western and Eastern Christian spirituality. It can hardly be denied that religions have their connections with this world: history, geography, culture, and accordingly develop in symbiosis with their environment. The reverse of that is the influence which religious beliefs exert on cultural endeavours, a most spectacular example of which is the art of painting. In this vein, the author examines the political and cultural context of the partition into the Catholic and the Orthodox Christianity, together with the differences between Western and Eastern spirituality, to search then for the correspondences between the political and cultural formation and the modes of artistic expression. Finally, some possible connections are established between the politically and historically-shaped spiritual traits of the Catholic and Orthodox Church, and the rules which inspired Western religious painting and the writing of icons, respectively.

The historical matrices of suggestive writing of Oleksa Storozhenko: between aesthetics and ideology

Artur Malynovskyi — 2024-06-10

The article describes the creative productivity of the archaic writing style of O. Storozhenko. His creativity have successfully completed the Gogol era in Ukrainian literature and have become a forerunner of the phenomenon that fully developed in the so-called chimeric prose in the twentieth century. The artistic style of Storozhenko’s writing stood out from the rural prose of that period against the background of practical problems, excessive sociologization and populist pathos of the mid-nineteenth century. Instead, accusations of peasantry, ethnography, local exoticism and trivial biography in the context of modern literary approaches are given to a new reading of this national-aesthetic phenomenon as heterogeneous one, imbued with stylistic innovations, invisible fusion of writing with ideology and aesthetics. Storozhenko moved within the old-fashioned way to an updated artistic word using the chimeric unity of folklore, baroque and romantic traditions.

Order of demonstrative modifiers in contemporary Polish and Ukrainian

Aleksander Kiklewicz — 2024-06-10

Although demonstrative adjectives fall within the adjectival paradigm and, within the framework of this paradigm, implement most grammatical oppositions, in terms of linearization they differ significantly from qualitative and relative adjectives: the postposition of the demonstrative modifier has a completely different character than in the case of adjectives. The authors intend to achieve several goals. The first goal is to compare nominative constructions with the pronominal (demonstrative) modifier in Slavic languages belonging to different groups, i.e. Polish and Ukrainian. The second objective is to examine the factors determining the post-positional use of demonstrative attributes, both direct evident (functionally marked) and statistical. In this respect, the authors mention the following factors: 1) the linear position of the nominal group in relation to the predicate; 2) the position of the nominal group in the communicative (thematic-rhematic) structure; 3) the stress structure of the utterance; 4) case of the noun; 5) degree of development of the nominal group; 6) the status of the noun as a primary or derived (from an adjective) name. The empirical material of the study was collected on the basis of language corpora and source texts of various styles.

The puzzling translation choices of a nineteenth-century Russian dictionary writer as the impulse for chronologization studies of Polish borrowed lexis

Jolanta Mędelska — 2024-06-10

Fifty-one entries (with the letter M) in the Russian-Polish dictionary of 1877 which were assigned a discussion of the meaning instead of a real translation, e.g. муссон – wjatr periodyczny [a periodic wind], were examined. These were limited to borrowed Russian units which today correspond to Polish borrowed units, e.g. муссон – monsun [monsoon]. The Polish words are the object of the analysis. In order to discover the reason for their omission from the dictionary, evidence of their use in the corpus of historical texts was sought. It was found that 80% of the borrowings (41 units) occurred in texts before 1876, but some of them were not recorded in the dictionaries of the time and perhaps that is why they did not find their way into the translation dictionary. 20% of the material (10 units) is lexis that entered circulation after the dictionary was published.

Modern internet texts in the Ukrainian language as a generator of proverb innovations (textological-pragmatical approach)

Tomasz Szutkowski — 2024-06-10

In the article the Author analyses modern proverb modifications in the context of the assumptions of contextual studies within paremiology. Research material was excerpted from internet sources in the Ukrainian language that feature an especially dynamic process of creation of innovations based on canonical proverbs functioning in Ukrainian. This research is a continuation of analyses of modern tendencies in the European paremiology. Textological-
-pragmatical approach treats proverbs as situational macrosigns that have a wide range of usage in texts. Proverb modifications indicate that paremiology is still an active pragmatic form of verbalisation of varied messages that is effectively used by speakers in numerous texts and contexts.

Language distinctions in Russophone groups of the Polish segment of Facebook

Yuriy Serebriansky — 2024-06-10

The article examines the distinctions of the Russian language used by Ukrainians living in Poland. The study is based on the analysis of Facebook groups in the Polish segment, where both private and commercial messages are posted. The article presents the findings of an analysis of language insertions from the Polish language and other linguistic features of messages in online groups, specifically focusing on the use of toponyms and elements of speech etiquette of the Russian language. Additionally, data on the dynamics of changes in the number of group members and the frequency of Russian and Ukrainian language use in these groups from January to September 2022 are presented.

The evolution of the role of Kaliningrad region in foreign and security policy of Russian Federation after 1991

Marcin Chełminiak — 2024-06-10

The process of disintegration of the Soviet Union has led not only to the geopolitical changes in Europe and in the world, but also to the fact that the issue of the Kaliningrad Region became the subject of interest from countries and international organizations. The Russian exclave has been the subject of debate and political controversy both in Russia and in Europe. Initially it was a result of the militarization of Kaliningrad Region and speculation regarding the change in its status. Later, the issue of Kaliningrad Region appeared primarily in the context of the enlargement of the European Union to the east. The importance of the Russian enclave should be considered not only in terms of geopolitical location, but mainly in the context of political, economic or military conditions.

Polish commemorative threads in Ukrainian politics of memory – on the example of street naming of oblast cities in Eastern Galicia after 1991

Jan Szczepański — 2024-06-10

This article presents Polish naming threads among the streets of the largest cities in Eastern Galicia – Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil after 1991. Before World War II these were Polish voivodeship cities, culturally dominated by Poles and Jews. Nowadays they are dominated by Ukrainians, who for the last 30 years have been trying to form their ambiguous historical policy. The politics of memory in these cities are conducted in two ways – on the one hand, they are shaping the symbolic landscape based on commemorating figures, organisations, dates or incidents related to Ukrainian nation-building processes, and on the other hand, they are returning to the multicultural heritage. A relevant thread are the names of streets and squares commemorating persons and organisations connected with Polish culture, which are still functioning and their number is increasing. The text indicates the reasons for this phenomenon, as well as the social and political implications arising from it.

NATO enlargement to the East and the war in Ukraine from the American perspective

Łukasz Jureńczyk — 2024-06-10

The aim of the article is to analyze the legitimacy of justifying the outbreak of war in Ukraine by expanding NATO to the East after the Cold War. The study was conducted from the American perspective. The main research problem is the question of whether, from the point of view of American scholars and experts, post-Cold War NATO expansion to the East was a strategic mistake and was responsible for the current war in Ukraine. There is no consensus among them whether NATO enlargement after the Cold War was an error and led to Russian aggression in Ukraine. Most of them, however, dispute such a statement, rejecting Moscow’s accusations that the United States and the West are accountable for the current situation in Ukraine.

Educational emigration of Belarusians: socio-political aspects

Julia Własiuk — 2024-06-10

The subject of the study is the problem of mass emigration of young people and students from the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the current situation in Belarus, as well as the results of the survey of Belarusian students studying in Poland, show that a special role in the educational emigration of Belarusian youth is played not by economic factors, but more by political and social factors. Educational emigration subsequently turns into channels for Belarusian youth to leave for permanent residence. The country loses the future intellectual elite of society: highly educated people, future scientists, highly professional specialists in all spheres of the national economy. Emigration has acquired impressive scale, which leads to a huge crisis in Belarusian education and society as a whole. For receiving countries, educational migration serves as a tool to increase the country’s competitiveness in the world market.

Sales transactions of peasants in Mohylow poviat in the first decade of XIX century

Ewelina Skrabacz-Nejman — 2024-06-10

Nowadays, peasants are becoming the subject of scientific studies more and more often. The problem of selling the peasants became an important part of current historical research on rural population. This issue takes an important part within the scope of social history but also history of economics. The aim of the research was to describe phenomenon of selling the peasants in microscale of Mohylów Podolski poviat within Podillia Province of Russian Empire during the first decade of 19th century. At that time Podillia was already an integral part of Russian Empire however it was still under strong social and cultural influence of recently fallen Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A source query in the court books of the Civil Chamber of the Land Court of the Mohylów Podolski poviat revealed 24 commercial entries regarding the sale of serfs. Transactions were expressed in both Polish zlotys and rubles. There is a great deal of variation in transaction values; from 29 to 100 rubles (from 200 to 700 zlotys) for male souls, from 13 to 30 rubles (from 90 to 210 zlotys) for a female soul and from 46.5 to 47.5 rubles (from 325.5 to 333 zlotys) for whole family. The differentiation of transaction values in individual categories could result from the age, health and qualifications of a peasant. The main reasons for the sale were: immediate financial need, repayment of previous credit obligations or compensation in the event of the marriage of the subjects and the related departure to another owner.

Teenage rebellion in the 19th century in Vilnius. A fragment of the history of the Philomath society

Elżbieta Klimus — 2024-06-10

Teenage rebellion is a part of social development in adolescents in order for them to develop an identity independent from their parents or guardians. Moreover, teens shape identity through revolt. This phenomenon affected also members of the Philomath Society, which was formed in 1817 at the Imperial University of Vilnius. Philomaths rebelled against the old generation, upbringing methods, weakness in the Society, idleness of youth. They were not indifferent to the political situation, so that they mutinied against the Russian Empired. The Philomath Society’s rebellion manifested in rule of the secrecy, pedagogic activity (formation of the youth associations, work as teachers), prosocial activity, language and tradition preserving. Teenage rebellion of Philomaths aimed at changing the reality, which was unacceptable.

The education of Polish children deported to the USSR and evacuated to the near and Middle East during World War II

Agnieszka Roguska — 2024-06-10

The text describes fragmentary education gained by children deported from the territory of Poland occupied by the Soviet Union to the forced labour camps and kolkhozes. They were subsequently evacuated from the USSR to Iran and other countries controlled by Great Britain. The release of such a large group of people from Gulag camps and places of isolation was an unprecedented situation in the Soviet system, and the presence of such a large number of civilians along the regular military units being formed at the time was unexampled in history. The authors illustrate education methods and conditions of Polish youth released with their families from Gulag camps and locations of compulsory labour together under the so-called amnesty. They provide details regarding the young refugees’ health issues, numerous cases of starvation to death or symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTSD ‒ post-traumatic stress disorder). They present the problems with the evacuation itself and confront the standards of living and expulsion from Soviet Russia with a highly positive reception of refugees on the Persian land. They indicate their further fate, including the creation of orphanages and schools, as children in the USSR were deprived of the opportunity to learn. It was important to depict extremely difficult, frequently provisional attempts at schooling Polish youngsters against the background of historic events.