Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

Do regulatory stringency and household indebtedness affect financial stability? An analysis of the market for non-bank lending institutions in selected Central and Eastern European countries

Krzysztof Waliszewski — 2025-06-26

The aim of the paper, which provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory framework for non-bank lending institutions in 12 CEE countries, is to answer 2 questions: (a) is the level of household indebtedness a sufficient indication that consumer credit risk is considered important for financial stability?; and (b) is the level of stringency of supervisory regulation of non-bank lending institutions related to financial stability risk? The conducted analysis leads to a conclusion that the stringency of regulations on the operation of non-bank lending institutions does not affect risks arising from the economic and financial performance of lenders, and that the level of household indebtedness is not closely related to the quality of portfolios of non-bank lending institutions. Of key importance, from the point of view of financial stability and the fulfillment of the role of non-bank lenders as institutions supporting the credit inclusion process, is the quality of the credit assessment procedure and its transparency, as well as the reliability of the source data on which credit decisions are based. The research fills an existing gap in the economic literature for a comparative analysis of non-bank lending institutions in CEE countries from a supervisory and regulatory perspective and in terms of creating financial stability.

On the ethno-cultural specificity of color names: Kazakh ⱪonyr ‘brown’ vs. Polish brązowy ‘brown’

Aleksander Kiklewicz — 2025-06-26

The article is based on an assumption of anthropological linguistics, in particular the biocultural theory of meaning (J. Zlatev), that the semantic system of language is determined by a combination of external factors, including environmental determinism. The need to adapt the cognitive system to the environment and geophysical conditions of existence of human groups leads to the fact that cultural worldviews and the corresponding semantic systems of languages differ. The authors consider the relative and culturally variable nature of colour terms using the example of the adjective ⱪonyr in the Kazakh language and its lexical equivalent in the Polish language. The article shows that the presence of a large number of precedent phenomena of the brown colour among Kazakhs is manifested in a more intense functionality of this colour name in the Kazakh language. This concerns several aspects: high frequency, intensive polysemy, phraseology and connotations. To illustrate this, the authors provide language material from various sources, including national corpora of the Kazakh and Polish languages.

Fictive conversational cohesive patterns of the category of the addresser in the Ukrainian literary text

Anatolii Zahnitko — 2025-06-26

This study explores how the category of the addresser manifests itself at the communicative level through the use of fictive conversational cohesive patterns. A literary text has been viewed from a communicative perspective as a dialogue – a conversation between an addresser and an addressee. The category of the addresser is treated as a linguistic-social communicative category, expressed by linguistic means which coherence and cohesion establish. These means aid the addressee in perceiving and understanding the global macrosense (integrity) of a literary text as an informational whole, while also analyzing its microsenses within its supra-phrasal unities (segmentation).

Akt mowy groźba – klasyfikacja i definicja: ujęcie pragmalingwistyczne (na materiale języka polskiego i rosyjskiego)

Ewa Komorowska — 2025-06-26

So far, the speech act of threat has attracted relatively little attention from researchers. Moreover, there is no agreement as to its definition and classification. The aim of this paper is to place threatening in the classification of speech acts and to attempt at defining it. We emphasize the complexity of threatening which may be classified as a directive speech act, although – being a “negative” promise – it exhibits some characteristics of commissives. In the case of a promise, it is the addressee who is the beneficiary, whereas in the case of a threat, the demanded behaviour is in the interest of the sender. Moreover, the speech act of threat is associated with evoking fear in the addressee.

Concepts of the Central and Eastern European attempts to stop Russian imperialism in the thought of Władysław Studnicki

Przemysław Czernicki — 2025-06-26

The aim of the article is to highlight and confirm the validity of Władysław Studnicki’s concepts regarding the geopolitical security of the Central and Eastern European region. It seems particularly useful to pay attention to the strategic diagnoses of this thinker regarding the constant threat to the geopolitical order from Russian imperialism in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. The intellectual achievements of one of the most famous creators of Polish geopolitical thinking can, therefore, be perceived as a valuable key to gaining orientation in the dynamics of contemporary international relations. As part of this article, I focused on presenting the issues of the centuries-old Polish-Russian rivalry about gaining strategic control over the region of Central and Eastern Europe, which Studnicki called the “core of Eurasia” due to its geopolitical importance.

Melchior Wańkowicz i Edward Woyniłłowicz o roli i znaczeniu polskiego ziemiaństwa na ziemiach białoruskich. Polemiczny dwugłos z 1922 roku

Roman Jurkowski — 2025-06-26

The article addresses the issue of different assessment of the role of the Polish landed gentry from the Belarusian lands in the 19th century. It presents a press polemic between representatives of two landowner families from the Minsk Governorate: the young, aspiring writer Melchior Wańkowicz and the distinguished, older landowner activist Edward Woyniłłowicz. The latter was for over half a century the president of the Minsk Agricultural Society, the most important organization gathering Polish landowners during the years of repression after the fall of the January Uprising. Edward Woyniłłowicz used the polemic with Wańkowicz to broadly evaluate and thoroughly criticize the entire eastern policy of Poland. In his opinion, the Polish state won the war against the Bolsheviks in 1920 but lost the peace with them concluded in Riga in March 1921.

Opieka religijna nad polskimi uchodźcami w Rosji podczas I wojny światowej

Dariusz Tarasiuk — 2025-06-26

During the First World War, there were hundreds of thousands of Catholic refugees living in Russia, most of them Poles. One of the important element of the aid campaign conducted by Polish rescue organisations was to provide them with religious care. Its aim was not only to provide Polish exiles with the opportunity to practise their religion and make them respect traditional moral norms, but also to preserve the Polish national awareness. Despite the numerous problems that arose, including the Polish-Lithuanian rivalry over the national awareness of the faithful, thanks to the efficient structures of the Polish organisations, the favour of the Russian authorities and the hard daily work of the priests, it was achieved to a satisfactory degree.

Polacy w życiu muzycznym Kazania do 1915 roku

Bartłomiej Garczyk — 2025-06-26

Kazan was an important administrative, scientific and cultural center. There were numerous theaters in the city area where opera and operetta plays where staged There were also professional and amateur musical institutions. In addition to Russians and Tatars, Kazan was also inhabited by a polish colony, among which there were many students, academic lecturers and representatives of free professions. There was also a large group of music teachers, vocal and dance educators, as well as composers and artists who left a visible mark on the musical and cultural life of the capital of Volga Region.

Ukrainian higher education in time of war and EU integration aspirations: great losses or great opportunities for change?

Olena Brintseva — 2025-06-26

Following the onset of the full-scale Russian aggression, the Ukrainian higher education system has encountered numerous challenges: educational institutions and infrastructure were damaged or destroyed during the war, a decrease in funding of education and science, relocation of participants of the educational process abroad, which has led to a significant loss of students and teaching staff by Ukrainian universities. Based on a survey among Ukrainian academic teachers, factors that hold back Ukraine’s EU integration aspirations, i.e. the shadow sector and pathologies of the higher education system, are characterized. The results of the analysis identify recommendations for integration into the European Higher Education Area and increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian universities: improvement of the institutional environment, harmonization of Ukrainian legislative acts on higher education and science with EU legislation, consolidation of universities, increasing the level of academic integrity.

Znaczenie dochodów związanych z hazardem dla budżetu państwa – na przykładzie Republiki Łotewskiej

Bartłomiej Suchodolski — 2025-06-26

Latvia is a country with a developed gambling industry. There are about 300 places that allow you to legally gamble. Gambling games may only be organized in casinos, game arcades, bingo halls and betting machines or bookmaker websites that have obtained an appropriate license authorizing them to conduct gambling games. Obtaining such a license requires payment of a fee. The license must also be renewed annually. Its issuance and renewal, depending on the type of gambling activity, may cost up to EUR 400,000. Running a gambling business is also taxed in both amounts and percentages. The aim of the article was to analyze Latvian regulations on gambling and its taxation, as well as the importance of gambling-related income for the budget of the Republic of Latvia.

Postawa Rosji, Turcji oraz Iranu wobec III wojny w Górskim Karabachu

Jarosław Kardaś — 2025-06-26

The main purpose of this article is to analyse the reactions of Russia, Turkey and Iran (the regional powers that make up the 3+3 platform with the Caucasian Republics) to the Third War in Nagorno-Karabakh. For the purpose of this article, a research hypothesis was developed that neither Russia nor Iran are Armenia’s real allies in the South Caucasus, because after the Third War in Nagorno-Karabakh broke out, both countries decided not to take any steps that would harm the interests of Turkey and Azerbaijan and also strengthen the position of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan. The article mainly uses content analysis (by looking at the statements made by Russia, Turkey and Iran regarding the actions taken by Azerbaijan on 19 September 2023) and the decision-making method (in determining what factors drove the governments in Moscow, Ankara and Tehran to take certain steps in the face of another flare-up in the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh).

Wizerunki św. św. Cyryla i Metodego w cerkwiach na ziemiach polskich. Analiza ikonograficzna

Agnieszka Gronek — 2025-06-26

In the 19th century, representations of Cyril and Methodius began to appear in Orthodox churches in the Polish territories that belonged to the Russian and Austrian partitions. This was due to the growing interest in the Slavic apostles for both religious reasons (millennium celebrations) and ideological and political ones (Pan-Slavism, Slavophilism, ecumenism). Based on conducted research, it was found that the formation of the saints’ iconography was greatly influenced by patterns issued in religious books, periodicals, and ephemeral prints and as devotional images. Two main streams of influence can be identified: the Russian Orthodox, centred in Petersburg, and the Western Catholic, with its centre in Velehrad and more broadly, in Moravia. The first trend dominated in the Congress Poland and the border regions of Galicia, while the second prevailed in Greek Catholic churches in western Galicia.

Авангардні пошуки у львівському мистецтві початку ХХ століття

Yuri Biryulov — 2025-06-26

The author analyzes avant-garde works created in the multinational artistic environment of Lviv at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, the Secession (Art Nouveau), Impressionism and Post-Impressionism styles dominated in Lviv art, however, striving for a new artistic language, painters and sculptors turned to a wide range of creative expression, introduced a variety of stylistic, genre and thematic innovations. Particular attention was paid to the texture, materials, unusual composition, rich color palette, emotionally heightened images. For the first time in the study of art, the still unexplored question of the imaginative-stylistic originality of the works of these masters is comprehensively revealed. New, previously unknown works and facts are introduced into scientific circulation. It was found that the style of expressionism was most actively used, in particular, it clearly manifested itself in the works of F. Pautsch and G. Gwozdecki. Among other new trends, Lviv artists were also interested in fauvism, cubism, and abstractionism. Avant-garde experiments were accompanied by theoretical justifications from leading art critics. The research is based on the methods of art history and comparative historical analysis, principles of iconology, based on the system-structural and dialectical-philosophical approaches. A significant source base is made up of articles, reports and messages found in rare periodicals of the beginning of the 20th century.

Антропологія війни: oral history та щоденники

Valentyna Sobol — 2025-06-26

In the article Valentyna Sobol investigated oral stories and personal documents of the occupied city of Izyum, Kharkiv region, from March 3 to September 10, 2022. The author of the article proceeds from the premise that autobiographical memory is a component of culture. From this point of view, the article examines both oral accounts of eyewitnesses of the war and occupation, told by the author of this report, as well as two diaries. The first one belongs to Lydia Shapovalova, a resident of the city of Izyum. The following is the diary of the murdered writer Volodymyr Vakulenko (1972-2022). Special attention is paid to the prospects of studying personal documents, the number of which is increasing, along with photo exhibitions, documentaries, murals, even comics.

Reporter na wojnie. Na przykładzie pracy korespondentów „Polityki” i „Tygodnika Powszechnego” z Ukrainy po 24 lutego 2022 roku

Igor Borkowski — 2025-06-26

Igor Borkowski analyses techniques and dilemmas used in reporting on the military conflict following Russia’s attack on Ukraine (February 24, 2022), on the example of reportage materials published in the Polish weekly “Polityka” and “Tygodnik Powszechny”. The text establishes what are currently the main problems and dilemmas in the field of war journalism and the work of a war correspondent. It is indicated to what extent these problems are new compared to the tradition of war reportage formed in the 20tt century. Techniques for reporting events on the war front, describing the situation of soldiers and civilians, and forming the image of a professional journalist working in a country at ware are discussed.

Wideo o ukraińskiej góralce karpackiej jako przykład efektywności komunikowania w serwisie YouTube

Arkadiusz Dudziak — 2025-06-26

The article was inspired by the popularity on YouTube of a Ukrainian woman, Maria Dmitroniak, a resident of the Carpathian village of Dzembronia. One of the videos about this woman’s everyday life and cooking has received over 14.5 million views since 2022. The Food Around The World channel has become an example of the effectiveness of audiovisual communication on YouTube. The film about the Ukrainian highlander took on the characteristics of an axiological message. The article describes the online reception of the film. The most representative comments of YouTube users were subjected to axiological analysis. The reception of this video on YouTube creates an axiosphere in which not only aesthetic, but also ethical and even religious values are manifested.

Demonologia słowiańska Jana Wagilewicza. Przyczynek do badań nad niewydanym dziełem XIX-wiecznej etnografii

Barbara Góra — 2025-06-26

The article is a preliminary discussion of Slavic Demonology by Jan Wagilewicz (1811-1866), a prominent 19th-century Galician researcher of the Slavic past. Despite its scholarly significance, this work remains unpublished and largely unrecognized. The author of the article presents a literature review, Wagilewicz’s manuscripts and publications on demonological topics, and later issues with identifying some of these texts. Furthermore, she discusses examples where Adam Mickiewicz incorporated Wagilewicz’s published works into lectures at the Collège de France, as well as Oskar Kolberg’s use in Lud. By examining studies of literature in various languages and conducting archival research at the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, she contemplates the true shape of Wagilewicz’s Slavic Demonology. She suspects that the primary manuscript of the work remains undiscovered and should still be sought after.

Freedom and democracy as understood by Andrei Siniavski in the light of a linguistic and historical-cultural analysis of the essay La civilisation soviétique

Beata Kędzia-Klebeko — 2025-06-26

The year 2022 marks the 25th anniversary of the death of Andrei Siniavski, a Russian writer known to the Western world for his work in defence of the public. Siniavski, who died in France in 1997, is known as the author of Soviet Civilization, published in France in 1988. The aim of this article is therefore to analyse the process of the conceptualisation of freedom and democratic ideas undertaken by Siniavski in the essay Soviet Civilisation, using the writer’s own linguistic means. For this purpose, we will proceed to a definitional analysis of the lexemes naming the concept of freedom, an etymological analysis to trace the history of the concept and its subsequent semantic evolution, and a contextual analysis.

The theme of a poet and poetry in the texts by Veronika Dolina

Ludmiła Mnich — 2025-06-26

The article analyses the poetry by Veronika Dolina, a contemporary Russian singer-songwriter. The most significant factors that have shaped the new quality of Dolina’s songwriting are: the Russo-Ukrainian war, propaganda and censorship intensification, and the emigration of individuals with whom she has close familial and cultural ties. In this context, the themes that have already become traditional for Dolina’s work receive a new connotation. One of the central themes in her texts is the theme of a poet. This article focuses on the theme of a poet, which is realized in Dolina’s poetry in three variants: 1) a poet’s responsibility for what is happening in the country; 2) a poet as an atoning sacrifice; 3) a poet as a prophet. These variants are subsequently analyzed within the context of Dolina’s more recent literary works.

Rosyjskie i polskie memy internetowe jako narzędzie w walce z kryzysem epidemicznym COVID-19

Artur Czapiga — 2025-06-26

The paper presents an analysis of demotivators from Polish and Russian websites. Being short messages, most often created as a combination of a graphic element and a brief text, they constitute very condensed acts of communication. The theoretic background of the survey is the modern approach to the Dawkins’ understanding of a meme. Attention was paid to several aspects of the examples: structure, main functions, whether they are universal
or culture-specific and what characters they depict. The memes were collected from demotywatory.pl and demotivatorium.ru in two groups: March/April 2020 and October/November 2021. The purpose was to compare the material from the beginning of the outbreak and from much later, when the topic didn’t attract much attention of the societies. Memes are an effective tool for spontaneous struggle with the difficult pandemic reality, they can be generated quickly in response to the current socio-political situation.