Niezamierzone konsekwencje : założenia finansowe i teoria ekonomiczna aktu ochrony zdrowia pacjentów (ACA) - planu Obamy
Michael Thoene
Katedra Biologii Medycznej, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w OlsztynieAbstrakt
W artykule podjęto próbę oceny aktu ochrony zdrowia pacjentów (ACA), popularnie zwanym planem Obamy, pod kątem finansowym i ekonomicznym, a także z uwzględnieniem jego efektywności. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości skorzystania z niego przez społeczeństwo amerykańskie. W części teoretycznej odniesiono się do głównych teorii ekonomicznych, zwłaszcza teorii kosztów transakcyjnych. W części badawczej wykorzystano oficjalne dane statystyczne. Podkreślono także znaczenie i działanie towarzystw ubezpieczeniowych, lobbystów branży ochrony zdrowia. Ich postępowanie rzutuje na proces legislacyjny. Mimo że akt ochrony zdrowia pacjentów należy uznać za krok w dobrym kierunku, to i tak USA pozostają w zakresie ochrony zdrowia swoich obywateli daleko w tyle w stosunku do innych krajów rozwiniętych gospodarczo.
Słowa kluczowe:
akt ochrony zdrowia pacjentów, plan Obamy, ochrona zdrowiaBibliografia
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ANDERSON J.H. 2013. Gallup Poll: Obamacare is Costing Americans Jobs, http://www.weeklystan-dard.com/blogs/gallup-poll-obamacare-costing- americans-jobs-737014.html (access: 3.02.2014).
BLANEY C. 2012. Critical Analysis of the Role of the Federal Government in Health Services Delivery in the United States. Journal of Global Healthcare Systems, 2(1), www.jghcs.info (access: 10.02.2014).
CBO. Congressional Budget Office. 2010. Cost Estimate for Pending Health Care Legislation. Congressional Budget Office. March 20. Washington DC: Congress of the United States.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control. 2013. CDCs Abortion Surveillance System FAQs. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Data-Stats/ Abortion.htm (access: 10.02.2014).
CNN. Cable News Network. 2009. Senate panel votes down public option for health care bill. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/P0LITICS/09/29/senate.public.option/(access: 3.02.2014).
EMTALA. Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act. 1986. U.S. Code Title 42 Chapter 7 Subchapter XVIII Part E § 1395dd 42 U.S. Code § 1395dd, www.law.cornell.edu/us-code/text/42/1395dd (access: 10.02.2014).
GAUVEY H.D. 2011. Public Option. National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/njonline/public-option-20090810 (access: 10.02.2014).
Guttmacher Institute Abortion resources, http://www.guttmacher.org/sections/abortion.php (access: 3.02.2014).
Foxnews. 2014. House passes bill to ban abortions from being covered under Obamacare, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/01/28/house- passes-bill-to-ban-abortions-from-being-covered-under-obamacare/ (access: 8.02.2014).
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HARRINGTON S. 2010. US Healthcare Reform: the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 77(3): 703-708. DOI: 10.1111/j.1539- 6975.2010.01371.x.
HIMMELSTEIN D., THORNE D., WARREN E., WOOLHANDLER S. 2007. Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study. American Journal of Medicine, 122(8): 741-746. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.04.012.
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Obamacarefacts.com. 2010. http://www.obamacarefacts.com (access: 13.02.2014).
OECD. 2013. Health at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/health-glance-2013-en (access: 10.02.2014).
Office of the Actuary. 2010. 2010 ACTUARIAL REPORT ON THE FINANCIAL OUTLOOK FOR MEDICAID. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. United States Department of Health & Human Services. Washington DC: Office of the Actuary.
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PPACA. 2010. Compilation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. 11th Congress, 2d session. Print 111-1. Office of the Legislative Council for the use of the U.S. House of Representatives, May 2010.
REICH R. 2009. Why We Need a Public Health-Care Plan. The Wall Street Journal, http://on-line.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124580516633344953? mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fon-line.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB124580516633344953.html (access: 11.02.2014).
Savethechildren.org. 2013. State of the World's Mothers report. http://www.savethechildren.org/ site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.8585863/k.9F31/State-of-the-Worlds-Mothers.htm (access: 1.02.2014).
SHUFELT T. 2012. How the Productivity of Canada's Healthcare stacks up to the U.S. Huffington Post,http://busmess.fmancialpost.com/2012/06/18/how-the-productivity-of-canadas-health-care-stacks-up-to-the-u-s/ (accessed: 14.02.2014).
TAUBMAN S., ALLEN H., WRIGHT B., BAICKER K., FINKELSTEIN A. 2014. Medicaid Increases Emergency-Department Use: Evidence from Oregon's Health Insurance Experiment. Science, 343(6168): 263-268. DOI: 10.1126/science.1246183.
WILLIAMSON O. 1981. The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach. The American Journal of Sociology, 87(3): 548-577.
WND. 2014. 52 Reasons Obamacare Can't Work. WorldNetDaily, http://www.wnd.com/2013/08/52-shocking-reasons-obamacare-cant-work/ (access: 1.02.2014).
WSJ. 2014. Obama delays employer mandate. Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/ar- ticles/SB10001424052702304558804579375213074082656?mg=reno64-wsj&url = http% 3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle %2FSB10001424052702304558804579375213074082656.ht ml (access: 14.02.2014).
Thoene, M. (2014). Niezamierzone konsekwencje : założenia finansowe i teoria ekonomiczna aktu ochrony zdrowia pacjentów (ACA) - planu Obamy. Olsztyn Economic Journal, 9(3), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.3180
Michael Thoene
Katedra Biologii Medycznej, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Katedra Biologii Medycznej, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
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