Analysis of variations in and correlations between selected physical parameters of common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) nuts
Zdzisław Kaliniewicz
Piotr Markowski
Andrzej Anders
Paweł Tylek
Zbigniew Krzysiak
Wojciech Wasielewski
Abstract
The basic dimensions and the mass of common beech nuts and seeds from five nut batches, harvested from tree stands in northern Poland, were determined. Environmental conditions had a greater influence on seed plumpness than the age of tree stands. The results of measurements were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Despite differences in their plumpness, nuts were characterized by nearly identical cross-sections which resembled an equilateral triangle. The thickness of nuts and seeds was highly correlated with their mass, and this information can facilitate seed husking and separation into mass categories. Before and after husking, seeds should be separated with the use of a mesh screen with longitudinal openings. Medium-sized (most numerous) seeds were separated into the following plumpness categories using a screen separator with ≠6 mm and ≠7 mm openings: 84% of moderately plump seeds, 3% of seeds with reduced plumpness, and 13% of plump seeds.
Keywords:
geometric parameters, mass, aspect ratio, separationReferences
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SKRZYDŁOWSKI T., PIOTROWSKI M. 2003. Predispersal beech seed predation. Part II. Predation of beech seeds by vertebrates. Sylwan, 5: 86–92.
SUSZKA B., MULLER C., BONNET-MASIMBER M. 2000. Nasiona leśnych drzew liściastych od zbioru do siewu. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa-Poznań.
TYLEK P. 2010. Physical and biological aspects of the mechanical separation of seeds of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie, 467, Rozprawy, 344, Kraków.
BODYŁ M., SUŁKOWSKA M. 2007. Estimation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seed differentiation in Poland in the years 1992–2004. Sylwan, 9: 12–21.
BOLTE A., CZAKOWSKI T., KOMPA T. 2007. The north-eastern distribution range of European beech – a review. Forestry, 80: 413–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm028.
BRUS D.J., HENGEVELD G.M., WALVOORT D.J.J., GOEDHART P.W., HEIDEMA A.H., NABUURS G.J., GUNIA K. 2012. Statistical mapping of tree species over Europe. European Journal of Forest Research, 131: 145–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0513-5.
CAMPBELL C. 2003. Buckwheat crop improvement. Fagopyrum, 20: 1–6.
DITTMAR C., ZECH W., ELLING W. 2003. Growth variations of Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe – a dendroecological study. Forest Ecology and Management, 173: 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00816-7.
Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik, Trees of the World bookmark, common beech. www.idpan.poznan.pl (access: 25.06.2015).
JACOBO-VALENZUELA N., MORÓSTICA-JUNIOR M.R., ZAZUETA-MORALES J.J., GALLEGOS-INFANTE J.A. 2011. Physicochemical, technological properties, and health-benefits of Cucurbita moschata Duchense vs. Cehualca: A Review. Food Research International, 44: 2587–2593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.039.
JAWORSKI A. 2011. Hodowla lasu. Tom III. Charakterystyka hodowlana drzew i krzewów leśnych. PWRiL, Warszawa.
JOSHI D.C., DAS S.K., MUKHERJEE R.K. 1993. Physical properties of pumpkin seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 54(3): 219–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1993.1016.
JURGA R. 1997. Przetwórstwo zbóż. Część 2. WSiP, Warszawa.
KALINIEWICZ Z., GRABOWSKI A., LISZEWSKI A., FURA S. 2011. Analysis of correlations between selected physical attributes of Scots pine seeds. Technical Sciences, 14(1): 13–22.
KALINIEWICZ Z., RAWA T., TYLEK P., MARKOWSKI P., ANDERS A., FURA S. 2013. The effect of the age of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands on the physical properties of seeds and the operating parameters of cleaning machines. Technical Sciences, 16(1): 63–72.
KALINIEWICZ Z., POZNAŃSKI A. 2013. Variability and correlation of selected physical attributes of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) seeds. Sylwan, 157(1): 39–46.
KALINIEWICZ Z., TYLEK P., ANDERS A., MARKOWSKI P., RAWA T., ANDROS K. 2015. Correlations between basic physical parameters of nuts and the weight of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds. Technical Sciences, 18(1): 5–14.
KRAM B.B., WOLIŃSKI J., WOLIŃSKA J. 2007. Comparative studies on geometric traits of nutlets with and without seed cover in Red corolla buckwheat. Acta Agrophysica, 9(3): 657–664.
MAGRI D. 2008. Patterns of post-glacial spread and the extent of glacial refugia of European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Journal of Biogeography, 35: 450–463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01803.x.
MATUSIEWICZ M., KUBICKA H., WAŁEJKO A., SKRAJNA T. 2010. Phenotypic diversity of Polygonum species in Suwalszczyzna area. Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 44: 58–65.
Nasiennictwo leśnych drzew i krzewów iglastych. 1995. Ed. A. Załęski. Oficyna Edytorska „Wydawnictwo Świat”, Warszawa.
OGUNJIMI L.A.O., AVIARA N.A., AREGBESOLA O.A. 2002. Some engineering properties of locust bean seed. Journal of Food Engineering, 55: 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00021-3.
OHEIMB G. VON, WESTPHAL C., TEMPEL H., HÁDTLE W. 2005. Structural pattern of a near-natural beech forest (Fagus sylvatica) (Serrahn, North-east Germany). Forest Ecology and Management, 212: 253–263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.033.
ÖVERGAARD R., GEMMEL P., KARLSSON M. 2007. Effects of weather conditions on mast year frequency in beech (Fagus silvatica L.) in Sweden. Forestry, 80(5): 555–565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm020.
PUKACKA S., RATAJCZAK E. 2005. Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in Fagus sylvatica seeds during storage at varied temperature and humidity. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162: 873–885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.10.012.
PUKACKA S., RATAJCZAK E. 2014. Factors influencing the storability of Fagus sylvatica L. seeds after release from dormancy. Plant Growth Regulation, 72: 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9832-5.
RABIEJ M. 2012. Statystyka z programem Statistica. Helion, Gliwice. REYES D., RODRI´GUEZ D.,
LORENZO O., NICOLÁS G., CAÑAS R., CANTÓN F.R., CANOVAS F.M., NICOLÁS C. 2006. Immunolocalization of FsPK1 correlates this abscisic acid-induced protein kinase with germination arrest in Fagus sylvatica L. seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(4): 923–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj077.
RUSCOE W.A., ELKINTON J.S., CHOQUENOT D., ALLEN R.B. 2005. Predation of beech seed by mice: effects of numerical and functional responses. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74: 1005–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00998.x.
SKRZYDŁOWSKI T., PIOTROWSKI M. 2003. Predispersal beech seed predation. Part II. Predation of beech seeds by vertebrates. Sylwan, 5: 86–92.
SUSZKA B., MULLER C., BONNET-MASIMBER M. 2000. Nasiona leśnych drzew liściastych od zbioru do siewu. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa-Poznań.
TYLEK P. 2010. Physical and biological aspects of the mechanical separation of seeds of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie, 467, Rozprawy, 344, Kraków.
Kaliniewicz, Z., Markowski, P., Anders, A., Tylek, P., Krzysiak, Z., & Wasielewski, W. (2017). Analysis of variations in and correlations between selected physical parameters of common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) nuts. Technical Sciences, 21(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.31648/ts.2716
Zdzisław Kaliniewicz
Piotr Markowski
Andrzej Anders
Paweł Tylek
Zbigniew Krzysiak
Wojciech Wasielewski
