Bedimo-Rung, A.L., Mowen, A.J., & Cohen, D.A. (2005). The significance of parks to physical activity and public health. A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Blocken, B, Mal., F., van Druenen, T., & Marchal, T. (2020). Social distancing v2.0: during walking, running and cycling. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology; 2020 April. Retrieved from: https://media.real.gr/filesystem/Multimedia/pdf/Social_Distancing_v20_White_Paper_id38170.pdf (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Cheng, Y., Zhang, J., Wei, W., & Zhao, B. (2021). Effects of urban parks on residents’ expressed happiness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Landscape and Urban Planning, 212, 104118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104118.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Considerations for Outdoor Learning Gardens and Community Gardens (Updated September 18, 2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/outdoor-garden.html (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19 (second update, 23 March 2020). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC. Retrieved from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/considerations-relating-social-distancing-measuresresponse-covid-19-second (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
COVID-19 Secure: Safer Public Places – Urban Centres and Green Spaces (Updated November 2, 2020). Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, London. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/safer-public-places-urban-centres-andgreen-spaces-covid-19 (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
COVID-19: Guidance for managing playgrounds and outdoor gyms (Updated 1 December 2020). GOV.UK. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-for-managingplaygrounds-and-outdoor-gyms (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Dadvand, P., Bartoll, X., Basagana, X., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Martinez, D., Ambros, A., Cirach, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Gascon, M., Borrell, C., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2016). Green spaces and general health: Roles of mental health status, social support, and physical activity. Environment International, 91, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.029.
Crossref
Google Scholar
De Vries, S., van Dillen, S.M.E., Groenewegen, P.P., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2013). Streetscape greenery and health: Stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators. Social Science and Medicine, 94, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.030.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Freeman, S., & Eykelbosh, A. (2020). COVID-19 and outdoor safety: Considerations for use of outdoor recreational spaces. Natl. Collab. Centre Environ. Health. Retrieved from: https://ncceh.ca/sites/default/files/COVID-19%20Outdoor%20Safety%20-%20April%2016%202020.pdf (10.12.2020).
Google Scholar
Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U.K. (2010) The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration. Landscape and Urban Planning, 94(3–4), 264–275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.10.012.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Guidance for Administrators in Parks and Recreational Facilities (Updated October 29, 2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/parks-rec/park-administrators.html (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Guidelines for non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK (24 September 2020). Stockholm, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC. Retrieved from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publicationsdata/covid-19-guidelines-non-pharmaceuticalinterventions (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Honey-Roses, J., Anguelovski, I., Bohigas, J., Chireh, V., Daher, C., Konijnendijk, C., Litt, J., Mawani, V., McCall, M., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., Sánchez, U., Senbel, M., Tan, X., Villagomez, E., Zapata, O., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities. Journal of Cities & Health, Special Issue: COVID-19, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Hunter, R.F., Christian, H., Veitch, J., Astell-Burt, T., Hipp, J.A., & Schipperijn, J. (2015). The impact of interventions to promote physical activity in urban green space: a systematic review and recommendations for future research. Social Science and Medicine, 124, 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.051.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Johnson, T.F., Hordley, L.A., Greenwell, M.P., & Evans, L.C. (2021). Associations between COVID-19 transmission rates, park use, and landscape structure. Science of the Total Environment, 789, 148123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148123.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Kemperman, A., & Timmermans, H. (2014). Green spaces in the direct living environment and social contacts of the aging population. Landscape and Urban Planning, 129, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.05.003.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Kissler, S.M., Tedijanto, C., Goldstein, E., Grad, Y.H., & Lipsitch, M. (2020). Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARSCoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science, 368(6493), 860–868. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Lafortezza, R., Carrus, G., Sanesi, G., & Davies, C. (2009) Benefits and well-being perceived by people visiting green spaces in periods of heat stress. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 8(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.02.003.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Litt, J.S., Schmiege, S.J., Hale, J.W., Buchenau, M., & Sancar, F. (2015). Exploring ecological, emotional and social levers of self-rated health for urban gardeners and non-gardeners: A path analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 144, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.004.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Liu, S., & Wang, X. (2021). Reexamine the value of urban pocket parks under the impact of the COVID-19. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 64, 127294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127294.
Crossref
Google Scholar
McCormack, G.R., Rock, M., Toohey, A.M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health Place, 16, 712–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Mehta, V. (2020). The new proxemics: COVID-19, social distancing, and sociable space. Journal of Urban Design, 25(6), 669–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2020.1785283.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Milan 2020. Adaptation strategy. Open document to the city’s contribution. Comune di Milano. Retrieved from: https: //www.comune.milano.it/documents/20126/7117896/Milano+2020.+Adaptation+strategy.pdf/d11a0983-6ce5-5385-d173-efcc28b45413?t=1589366192908 (15.12.2020).
Google Scholar
Payne, L.L., Orsega-Smith, E., Roy, M.,& Godbey, G.C. (2005). Local park use and personal health among older adults: An exploratory study. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23, 1–20.
Google Scholar
Peschardt, K.K., & Stigsdotter, U.K. (2013). Associations between park characteristics and perceived restorativeness of small public urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 112, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.12.013.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Peschardt, K.K., Stigsdotter, U.K., & Schipperrijn, J. (2016). Identifying Features of Pocket Parks that May Be Related to Health Promoting Use. Landscape Research, 41(1), 79–94, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2014.894006.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Peters, K., Elands, B., & Buijs, A. (2010). Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9, 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.11.003.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Ratnesar-Shumate, S., Williams, G., Green, B., Krause, M., Holland, B., Wood, S., Bohannon, J., Boydston, J., Freeburger, D., Hooper, I., Beck, K., Yeager, J., Altamura, L.A., Biryukov, J., Yolitz, J., Schuit, M., Wahl, V., Hevey, M., & Dabisch, P. (2020). Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa274.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Reopening Guidance for Cleaning and Disinfecting Public Spaces, Workplaces, Businesses, Schools, and Homes (Updated May 7, 2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/reopenguidance.html (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Richardson, E.A., Pearce, J., Mitchell, R., & Kingham, S. (2013). Role of physical activity in the relationship between urban green space and health. Public Health, 127(4), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.01.004.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Rocznik Statystyczny Warszawy [Statistical Yearbook of Warsaw]. (2019). Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie [Statistical Office in Warsaw].
Google Scholar
Saelens, B.E., Frank, L.D., Auffrey, C., Whitaker, R.C., & Burdette, H.L. (2009). Guidebook for EAPRS Direct Observation Tool. General Instructions, version 7.0 Active Living Research Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Google Scholar
Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Carinanos, P., Dobbs, C., Krajter Ostoic, S., Marin, A.M., Pearlmutter, D., Saaroni, H., Šaulienė, I., Simoneti, M., Verlič, A., Vuletić, D., & Sanesi, G. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 56, 126888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126888.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J.P. (2014) Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
Crossref
Google Scholar
van der Berg, R. (2020). How Will COVID-19 Affect Urban Planning? TheCityFix. Retrieved from: https://thecityfix.com/blog/will-covid-19-affect-urbanplanning-rogier-van-den-berg (01.12.2020).
Google Scholar
van den Bosch, M., & Sang, A.O. (2017). Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews. Environmental Research, 158, 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040.
Crossref
Google Scholar
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D.H., Holbrook, M.G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B.N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J.L., Thornburg, N.J., Gerber, S.I., Lloyd-Smith, J.O., de Wit, E., & Munster, V.J. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1564–1567. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Venter, Z., Barton, D., Gundersen, V., Figari, H., & Nowell, M. (2020). Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Environmental Research Letters. Retrieved from: https://iopscience. iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abb396/pdf (06.12.2020).
Crossref
Google Scholar
Visiting Parks and Recreational Facilities. Protect Yourself and Others from COVID-19. Updated July 30, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/visitors.html (19.11.2020).
Google Scholar
Vujcic, M., Tomicevic-Dubljevic, J., Zivojinovic, I., & Toskovic, O. (2018). Connection between urban green areas and visitors’ physical and mental well-being. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 40, 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.028.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban Parks as Green Buffers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12, 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176751.
Crossref
Google Scholar