Smart age-friendly city in the context of seasonal migration of senior residents. The case of Benidorm

Agnieszka Labus

doi:10.31648/aspal.8438

Published: 2023-06-161

Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023)

Smart age-friendly city in the context of seasonal migration of senior residents. The case of Benidorm

Agnieszka Labus

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum

Section: Articles

https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.8438

Abstract

Benidorm is one of the most popular Spanish destinations for seasonal migrants, especially seniors, in the winter season. This article discusses the evolution of age-friendly smart cities in the context of the seasonal migration of the elderly on the example of Benidorm. Benidorm is one of the global leaders in implementing the concept of a smart city and a smart destination (SD) (Coban & Aydın, 2020). The aim of the article was to confront the urban renewal programs implemented in Benidorm with the concept of an age-friendly city according to the definition proposed by the WHO (2007). The concept of an age-friendly city and a smart destination was defined, and the presented results can assist European tourist destinations in targeting their urban renewable policies at seasonal migrants in response to the progressive aging of the population.

Keywords:

age friendly cities, urban renewal, smart destination (SD), smart city, seasonal migration, Benidorm

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Agnieszka Labus, Alternative forms of housing for longevity based on case studies of multigenerational houses in Poland , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum: Vol. 23 No. 3 (2024)

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Labus, A. (2023). Smart age-friendly city in the context of seasonal migration of senior residents. The case of Benidorm. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum, 22(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.8438

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

Age UK Policy and Research Department. (2017). A summary of Age UK’s Index of Wellbeing in Later Life. Retrieved from: https://www.ageuk.org.uk/globalassets/age-uk/documents/reports-and-publications/reports-and-briefings/health--wellbeing/ageuk-wellbeing-index-summary-web.pdf (15.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Allen, J. (2008). Older people and wellbeing. Retrieved from: https://www.ippr.org/files/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/older_people_and_ wellbeing_1651.pdf (15.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Anderson, B., & Langmeyer, L. (1982). The Under-50 and Over-50 Travellers: A Profile of Similarities and Differences. Journal of Travel Research, (20), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728758202000405
Crossref
Google Scholar

Arnaiz Burne, S.M., & César Arnaiz, F. (2017). Ciudades turísticas y desarrollo sustentable: Benidorm, España – Cancún, México [Tourist cities and sustainable development: Benidorm, Spain – Cancun, Mexico]. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos – ABET, 7(3), 20–28. Retrieved from: https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/abet/article/download/3198/1173 (15.04.2023).
Crossref
Google Scholar

Arnstberg, K.O., & Ergstrom, I. (2007). No place like a second home: Weekends, holidays, retirement and urban sprawl. In C. Couch, L. Leontidou, & G. Petschel- Held (Eds.). Urban Sprawl in Europe: Landscapes, Land-use Change and Policy (pp. 163–180). Wiley-Blackwell.
Crossref
Google Scholar

Ballard, J.G. (2013). What I believe. Interzone, (8), Summer 1984. In D. Riche (Ed.). A prose poem, originally published in French in Science Fiction (1). Retrieved from: http://www.jgballard.ca/uncollected_ work/what_i_believe.html (20.11.2022).
Google Scholar

Benidorm City Council. (2018). El pleno aprueba el proyecto con el que Benidorm concurrirá al programa. Retrieved from: https://benidorm.org/es/ noticias/el-pleno-aprueba-el-proyecto-con-el-que-benidorm-concurrira-al-programa-redes (15.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Blazey, M.A. (1986). Research breathes new life into senior travel programs. Parks and Recreation, 21(10), 54–56.
Google Scholar

Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., & Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing ‘age-friendly’ cities. Critical Social Policy, 32(4), 597–617, https:// doi.org/10.1177/0261018311430457
Crossref
Google Scholar

Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2014). Smart tourism destinations. In Z. Xiang, & I. Tussyadiah (Eds.). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014 (pp. 553–564). Cham: Springer.
Crossref
Google Scholar

Coban, G., & Aydın, S. (2020). A New Concept in Tourism: Smart Tourism Destinations. In E. Çeltek (Ed.). Handbook of Research on Smart Technology Applications in the Tourism Industry (pp. 414–429). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Crossref
Google Scholar

Clavé, A.S., Salamanca, R.O., & Vera Rebollo, J.F. (2011). Mass tourism development on the Mediterranean Coast. Tourism Geographies, 13(3), 459–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.575171
Crossref
Google Scholar

Claver-Cortés, E., Molina-Azorín, J.F., & Pereira- Moliner, J. (2007). Competitiveness in mass tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3), 727–745. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.03.010
Crossref
Google Scholar

Ciriquián, M.P., Nolasco-Cirugeda, A., & Serrano-Es¬trada, L. (2018). Estrategias de ocupación territorial en áreas turísticas consolidadas de la Costa Blanca (España) [Territorial occupation strategies in con-solidated tourist areas of the Costa Blanca (Spain)]. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles [Bul¬letin of the Spanish association of geography], (76), 430–454, https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2529
Crossref
Google Scholar

Ciriquián, M.P., & Oliva Meyer, J. (2002). Algunas intervenciones en la costa mediterránea de Alicante: tres propuestas, tres ideologías, tres actitudes. In Valencia (Ed.). Arquitectura moderna y turismo: 1925–1965 (pp. 225–230). Barcelona: Fundación Docomomo Ibérico.
Google Scholar

Crouch, G.I. (2011). Destination Competitiveness: An Analysis of Determinant Attributes. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0047287510362776
Crossref
Google Scholar

Diaz, R. (1991). La inmigracion de extranjeros en las Canarias Orientales: Una valoración global. Jornadas de la Población Española, 37–44.
Google Scholar

Dolnicar, S., Yanamandram, V., & Cliff, K. (2012). The contribution of vacations to quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 59–83. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.annals.2011.04.015
Crossref
Google Scholar

Domínguez Martínez, L., Martí Ciriquián, P., & No¬lasco-Cirugeda, A. (2016). Turismo residencial de noreuropeos en la Costa Blanca: su manifestación territorial y estudio de casos representativos [Resi-dential tourism of northern Europeans on the Costa Blanca: its territorial manifestation and study of rep¬resentative cases]. Scripta Nova, Revista electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 20(547). Retrieved from: http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-547.pdf (16.04.2023).
Crossref
Google Scholar

European Commission. (2015). Calypso means tourism for all. Retrieved from: https://op.europa.eu/en/ publication-detail/-/publication/a1887a07-91be-4ac5- b190-6360523180bc (20.11.2022).
Google Scholar

Familly Holiday Association. (2015). Impact report 2015. Family Holiday Association. Retrieved from: http://www.familyholidayassociation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/AnnualSummary2014-ebCopy_0.52MB.pdf (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Femenia-Serra, F., & Ivars-Baidal, J.A. (2018). Smart tourism: Implicaciones para la gestión de ciudades y destinos turísticos. In M.T. Cantó López, J.A. Ivars Baidal, & R. Martínez Gutiérrez (Eds.). Gestión inteligente y sostenible de las ciudades: Gobernanza, smart cities y turismo (pp. 129–151). Valencia: Tirant Lo Blanch.
Google Scholar

Femenia-Serra, F., Perles-Ribes, J.F., & Ivars-Baidal, J.A. (2019). Smart destinations and tech-savvy millennial tourists: hype versus reality. Tourism Review, 74(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2018-0018
Crossref
Google Scholar

Ferrater, C. (2005). Maritime avenue of the playa de Poniente (Vol. 125, 88–91). Spain: Lotus International.
Google Scholar

García Sánchez, A., & López Siles, D. (2015). Tourism des¬tination competitiveness: The Spanish Mediterranean case. Tourism Economics, 21(6), 1235–1254. https:// doi.org/10.5367%2Fte.2014.0405
Crossref
Google Scholar

Gaviria, M. (1977). Benidorm: ciudad nueva (Vol. 2). Madrid: Editora Nacional.
Google Scholar

Goicochea, E. (2016). Moca turns Benidorm into a smart city through beacon technology. Retrieved from: https://www.mocaplatform.com/blog/moca-turns-benidorm-into-a-smart-city-through-beacon-technology?fbclid=IwAR2e-p7NXWBsJsPYc0XZh QLppixtipKB7CojJOhll48ZvSB-AHBlW6AvWmM (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

González-Reverté, F. (2019). Building Sustainable Smart Destinations: An Approach Based on the Development of Spanish Smart Tourism Plans. Sustainability, 11(23), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236874
Crossref
Google Scholar

Green, G. (2013). Age-Friendly Cities of Europe. Journal of Urban Health, 90(S1), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav039
Crossref
Google Scholar

Gretzel, U., Reino, S., Kopera, S., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism Challenges. Journal of Tourism, 16(1), 41– 47. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/301295363_Smart_Tourism_Challenges (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 558–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.043
Crossref
Google Scholar

Gretzel, U., Zhong, L., & Koo, C. (2016). Application of smart tourism to cities. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJTC- 04-2016-0007
Crossref
Google Scholar

Guinn, R. (1980). Elderly recreational vehicle tourists: Motivations for leisure. Journal of Travel Research, 19, 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728758001900102
Crossref
Google Scholar

Hagger, C., & Murray, D. (2013). Anticipating a flour¬ishing future with tourism experiences. In S. Filep, & P. Pearce (Eds.). Tourist Experience and Fulfilment: Insights from Positive Psychology (pp. 186–201). London: Taylor and Francis.
Google Scholar

Huang, C.D., Goo, J., Nam, K., & Yoo, C.W. (2017). Smart tourism technologies in travel planning: the role of exploration and exploitation. Information & Management, 54(6), 757–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.11.010
Crossref
Google Scholar

Hunter-Jones, P., & Blackburn, A. (2007). Understanding the relationship between holiday taking and self-assessed health: An exploratory study of senior tourism. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(5), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470- 6431.2007.00607.x
Crossref
Google Scholar

Iribas, J.M. (2000). Urbanismo turístico. In MVRDV (Ed.). Costa Ibérica. Hacia la ciudad del ocio (pp. 106–119). Barcelona: Actar. Retrieved from: https:// internationalliving.com/ (20.11.2022).
Google Scholar

Ivars-Baidal, J., Rodriguez-Sanchez, I., & Vera-Rebollo, J.F. (2013). The evolution of mass tourism destinations: New approaches beyond deterministic models in Benidorm (Spain). Tourism Management, 34, 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.009
Crossref
Google Scholar

Ivars-Baidal, J.A., Celdrán-Bernabeu, M.A., Mazón, J.-N., & Perles-Ivars, Á.F. (2017). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: a new scenario for destination management? Current Issues in Tourism, 22(13), 1581– 1600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1388771
Crossref
Google Scholar

Jurdao, A.F., & Sánchez, E.M. (1990). España: Asilo de Europa. Barcelona: Planeta.
Google Scholar

Klimczuk, A., & Tomczyk, Ł. (2016). Smart, Age-friendly Cities and Communitie: the Emergence of Socio-technological Solutions in the Central and Eastern Europe. In F. Flórez-Revuelta, & A.A. Chaaraoui (Eds.). Active and Assisted Living: Technologies and Applications (pp. 335–359). Kingston upon Thames: Kingston University.
Crossref
Google Scholar

Lefebvre, H. (1974). The production of space. Oxford: Blackwell Ltd.
Google Scholar

Lefebvre, H. (2014). Toward an architecture of enjoyment. In L. Stanek (Ed.). London: University of Minnesota Press.
Crossref
Google Scholar

Loredana, I., Beu, D., & van Hoof, J. (2020). Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145202
Crossref
Google Scholar

Maas, W., van Rijs, J., & de Vries, N. (2000). Costa Ibérica. Hacia la ciudad del ocio. Barcelona: Actar.
Google Scholar

Mantecón, A. (2008). La experiencia del turismo: Un estudio sociológico sobre el proceso turístico-residencial. Barcelona: Editorial Icaria.
Google Scholar

Marois, G., Bélanger, A., & Lutz, W. (2020), Population aging, migration, and productivity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(14), 7690–7695. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918988117
Crossref
Google Scholar

Martínez-Medina, A. (2016). Arquitectura del boom turístico (1953–1979). Canelobre, 66, 167–185.
Google Scholar

Mazón, T. (2010). Benidorm: Un destino turístico de altura [Benidorm. A high-altitude tourist destination]. Gran Tour: Revista de Investigaciones Turísticas, 2, 8–22. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10045/1669 (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Mazón, T., Delgado, E., & Hurtado, J.A. (2012). El éxito de un destino turístico: el Benidorm de Mario Gaviria [The success of a tourist destination: Benidorm by Mario Gaviria]. Revista da Casa da Geografia de Sobral, 14(1), 81–95. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle. net/10045/36228 (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

McGuire, F.A. (1984). A factor analytic study of leisure constraints in advanced adulthood. Leisure Sciences, 6(3), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/014904084095 13038
Crossref
Google Scholar

McHugh, K.E., & Mings, R.C. (1994). Seasonal migration and health care. Journal of Aging and Health, 6(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F089826439400600107
Crossref
Google Scholar

Mesa del Castillo. (2015). Benidorm. Esplanades and Or¬dinary Urbanities. In J. Almazán (Ed.). Post-Souvenir City: Mediterranean Urban Intensity and New Tourism Practices in Alicante (pp. 46–57). Tokyo: IKI (Interna¬tional Keio Institute) + flick studio co., ltd.
Google Scholar

Montiel, C. (1990). Desarrollo turístico, promoción inmo¬biliaria y degradación medioambiental en el municipio de Benitachell (Comarca de la Marina) [Tourist development, real estate promotion and environmen¬tal degradation in the municipality of Benitachell (Co¬marca de la Marina)]. Investigaciones Geográficas, 8, 113–129. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO1990.08.05
Crossref
Google Scholar

Myklebost, H. (2008). Migration of elderly Norwegians. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 43, 191–213. https://doi. org/10.1080/00291958908552236
Crossref
Google Scholar

Nogues-Pedregal, A.M. (Ed.). (2012). Culture and society in tourism contexts. Emerald Group Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Antonio-Nogues-Pedregal/publication/292561026_When_the_desirable_and_the_feasible_converge_through_tourism_space/ links/56c1bdaa08aeedba05673a40/When-the-desirable-and-the-feasible-converge-through-tourism-space.pdf (12.05.2020).
Crossref
Google Scholar

Nolasco-Cirugeda, A., Martí, P., & Ponce, G. (2020). Keeping mass tourism destinations sustainable via urban design: The case of Benidorm. Sustainable Development, 28, 1289–1303. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10045/109705 (16.04.2023).
Crossref
Google Scholar

Obrador, P. (2012). The place of the family in tourism research: Domesticity and thick sociality by the pool. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 401–420. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.006
Crossref
Google Scholar

Oliver, J.L. (2015). Tourism, territory, identity. In J. Almazán (Ed.). Post-Souvenir City. Mediterranean Urban Intensity and New Tourism Practices in Alicante (pp. 26–35). Tokyo: IKI (International Keio Institute) + flick studio co., ltd.
Google Scholar

Paunero, X. (1988). Els estrangers residents a la Costa Brava. Revista de Gerona, 131, 76–82. Retrieved from: http://www.revistadegirona.cat/recursos/1988/ 0131_076.pdf (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Perles Ribes, J.F., & Ivars Baidal, J. (2018). Smart sustainability: a new perspective in the sustainable tourism debate. Investigaciones Regionales – Journal of Regional Research, Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional, 42, 151–170. Retrieved from: https:// investigacionesregionales.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/01/09-PERLES.pdf (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Perles Ribes, J.F., Rodriguez-Sanchez, I., & Ramón- Rodríguez, A.B. (2015). Is a cluster a necessary condition for success? The case of Benidorm. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(15), 1575–1603. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1043247
Crossref
Google Scholar

Plouffe, L., & Kalache, A. (2010). Towards global age-friendly cities: determining urban features that promote active aging. Journal of Urban Health, 87(5), 733–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9466-0
Crossref
Google Scholar

Ptak, E. (2012). Migracje międzynarodowe seniorów [International migrations of seniors]. Polityka Społeczna, 10(463), 21–26. Retrieved from: http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-86db6c89-d2b3-4548-a75c-258c283c787c (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Pytel, S.P. (2017). Kierunki migracji emerytów w Polsce [Migration trends of senior citizens in Poland]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2(328), 135–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.328.09
Crossref
Google Scholar

Rodriguez, V., Fernandez-Mayoralas, G., & Rojo, F. (1998). European Retirees on the Costa del Sol: A Cross-National Comparison. International Journal of Population Geography, 4, 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1220(199806)4:2%3C183::aid-ijpg101%3E3.0.co;2-8
Crossref
Google Scholar

Romsa, G., & Blenman, M. (1989). Vacation patterns of the elderly German. Annals of Tourism Research, 16, 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383%2889%2990066-2
Crossref
Google Scholar

Sánchez-Galiano, J.C., Martí-Ciriquián, P., & Fernández- Aracil, P. (2017). Temporary population estimates of mass tourism destinations: The case of Benidorm. Tourism Management, 62, 234–240. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.012
Crossref
Google Scholar

Sanz, M.F., Ferrandis, E.D., & Garces, J. (2013). Functional health benefits for elderly people related to social tourism policy promotion. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Social Sciences, 1, 1–8. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/271839847_Functional_Health_Benefits_ for_Elderly_People_Related_to_Social_Tourism_ Policy_Promotion (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Segittur. (2015). Informe destinos turísticos inteligentes: construyendo el futuro. Retrieved from: https://www.thinktur.org/media/Libro-Blanco-Destinos- Tursticos-Inteligentes-construyendo-el-futuro.pdf (20.11.2022).
Google Scholar

Serrano, J.M. (1991). Residentes extranjeros en la región de Murcia: aproximación inicial a su estudio [Foreign residents in the Murcia region: initial approach to their study]. Papeles de Geografia, 17, 227–253. Retrieved from: https://revistas.um.es/geografia/article/view/43821 (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Shoemaker, S. (2000). Segmenting the mature market: 10 years later. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728750003900103
Crossref
Google Scholar

Skyscraper Source Media Inc. (2018). Retrieved from: https://skyscraperpage.com/database/country/13 (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Soares, J.C., Ivars-Baidal, J., Gândara, & J.M. (2015). La evolución de destinos turísticos litorales con-solidados. Análisis comparado de Balneario Cam¬boriú (Brasil) y Benidorm (España) [The evolution of consolidated coastal tourist destinations. Com¬parative analysis of Balneário Camboriú (Brazil) and Benidorm (Spain)]. Anales de Geografía de la Uni¬versidad Complutense, 35(2), 143–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_AGUC.2015.v35.n2.50118
Crossref
Google Scholar

Steinnes, D.N., & Hogan, T.D. (1992). Take the Money and Sun: Elderly Migration As a Consequence of Gains in Unaffordable Housing Markets. Journal of Ger¬ontology, 47(4), S197–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/ geronj/47.4
Crossref
Google Scholar

Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A.A. (2015). Subjective well-being, health and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140- 6736(13)61489-0
Crossref
Google Scholar

Tan, F., & Lu, Z. (2019). The impact of urban compactness on urban sustainable development in China: The case of Nanjing. Sustainable Development, 27(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1874
Crossref
Google Scholar

Tung, V., & Brent Ritchie, J.R. (2011). Investigating the memorable experiences of the senior travel market: An examination of the reminiscence bump. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28, 331–343. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.563168
Crossref
Google Scholar

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2016). Migration and older age: Older migrants and migrant care workers. UNECE Policy Brief on Ageing, 16. Retrieved from: https://unece.org/DAM/pau/age/ Policy_briefs/ECE-WG.1-24.pdf (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

United Nations World Tourism Organisation. (2013). Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook. Enhancing capacities for Sustainable Tourism for development in developing countries. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284415496
Crossref
Google Scholar

Van Staalduinen, W., Bond, R., Dantas. C., & Jegundo, A.L. (2018). Smart Age-friendly Cities / Age-friendly Smart Cities. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eip/ageing/file/2624/download_en%3Ftoken=1Em_qTx7 (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Valenzuela, M. (1991). Spain: The Phenomenon of Mass Tourism. In A.M. Williams, & G. Shaw (Eds.). Tourism and Economic Development: Western European Experiences (pp. 40-60). London: Belhaven Press.
Google Scholar

Wang, X., Li, X. R., Zhen, F., & Zhang, J. (2016). How smart is your tourist attraction?: Measuring tourist prefer¬ences of smart tourism attractions via a FCEM-AHP and IPA approach. Tourism Management, 54, 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.12.003
Crossref
Google Scholar

Warnes, A.M. (1994). Permanent and Seasonal International Retirement Migration: The Prospects for Europe. Netherlands Geographical Studies, 173, 69–81.
Google Scholar

Williams, A.M., King, R., & Warnes, T. (1997). A place in the Sun: International Retirement Migration from Northern to Southern Europe. European Urban and Regional Studies, 4(2), 115–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096977649700400202
Crossref
Google Scholar

World Health Organization. (2007). Global Age-friendly Cities: A Guide. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43755/9789241547307_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (16.04.2023).
Google Scholar

Zimmer, Z., Brayley, R.E., & Searle, M.S. (1995). Whether to go and where to go: Identification of important influences on seniors’ decisions to travel. Journal of Travel Research, 33, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759503300302
Crossref
Google Scholar