Systemic Risk: Cause or Effect of the Financial Crisis in the Euro Area? The Case of Spanish Banking System Bailouts
Juan Luis Santos
Department of Economics, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, SpainJagoda Kaszowska
Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of SciencesAbstract
The aim of this paper is to determine to which extent systemic risk is a cause and an effect of the 2008 financial crisis. In the context of Spanish bailouts, we study the transmission of risk in the Spanish banking system. We make use of data from Google Trends on all Spanish financial institutions, which are selected as examples of one of the countries most affected in the last financial crisis. This analysis is one of the first attempts to use this kind of data for purposes of financial analysis. We compute the impact of each bailout in the banking system and we show how it affects the activity of the bailed-out bank and other institutions according to their status both before and after the announcement of the bailouts. We then show that it is possible to quantify the subjective systemic risk, an elusive concept that is difficult to measure with data from standard sources.
Keywords:
systemic risk, financial stability, Google Trends, bailoutReferences
Acharya V., Drechsler I., Schnabl P. 2014. A pyrrhic victory? Bank bailouts and sovereign credit risk. The Journal of Finance, 69(6). Google Scholar
Acharya V., Steffen S. 2015. The greatest carry trade ever? Understanding eurozone bank risks. Journal of Financial Economics, 115(2). Google Scholar
Altavilla C., Pagano M, Simonelli S. 2017. Bank exposures and sovereign stress transmission. Review of Finance, 21(6). Google Scholar
Barth J., Prabha A., Yun G. 2012. The Eurozone financial crisis: Role of interdependencies between bank and sovereign risk. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 4(1). Google Scholar
Battistini N., Pagano M., Simonelli S. 2014. Systemic Risk, Sovereign Yields and Bank Expo-sures in the Euro Crisis. Economic Policy, 29(78). Google Scholar
Battiston S., Caldarelli G. 2013. Systemic risk in financial networks. Journal of Financial Management, Markets and Institutions, 1(2). Google Scholar
Bock J. 2018. Quantifying macroeconomic expectations in stock markets using Google Trends. Warwick Research Paper, DOI: 1805.00268. Google Scholar
Brandt O. de, Hartmann P. 2000. Systemic Risk: A Survey. ECB Working Paper, 35. Google Scholar
Carneiro H., Mylonakis E. 2009. Google Trends: a web-based tool for real-time surveillance of disease outbreaks. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(10). Google Scholar
Carriére-Swallow Y., Labbée F. 2013. Nowcasting with Google Trends in an emerging market. Journal of Forecasting, 32(4). Google Scholar
Choi H., Varian H. 2012. Predicting the present with google trends. Economic Record, 88(1). Google Scholar
Da Z., Engelberg J., Gao P. 2011. In search of attention. The Journal of Finance, 66(5). Google Scholar
Danielsson J., Shin H.-S. 2002. Endogeneous risk. LSE Working Paper, 1–22. Google Scholar
Danielsson J., Shin H.-S. Zigrand J.-P. 2013. Endogeneous and Systemic Risk. In: Quantifying Systemic Risk. Eds. J. Haubrich, A. Lo. University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Dewatripont M. 2014. European banking: Bailout, bail-in and state aid control. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 34. Google Scholar
Giovanni D., Ratnovski L. 2013. Bailouts and Systemic Insurance. International Monetary Fund, 13(233). Google Scholar
Goel S., Hofman J.M., Lahaie S., Pennock D.M., Watts D.J. 2010. Predicting consumer behavior with Web search. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(41). Google Scholar
Grauwe P. de. 2011. The Governance of a Fragile Eurozone. The Australian Economic Review, 45(3). Google Scholar
Gros D. 2012. Macroeconomic Imbalances in the Euro Area: Symptom or cause of the crisis? Centre for European Policy Studies, 266. Google Scholar
Hodrick R., Prescott E. 1997. Postwar U.S. Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29(1). Google Scholar
Informe sobre la crisis financiera y bancaria en España, 2008–2014. 2014. Banco de España, Madrid. Google Scholar
Jajuga K., Karaś M., Kuziak K., Szczepaniak W. 2017. Ryzyko systemu finansowego. Metody oceny i weryfikacja w wybranych krajach. Materiały i Studia, 329. Google Scholar
Jakimowicz A. 2010. Źródła niestabilności struktur rynkowych. PWN, Warszawa. Google Scholar
Jun S.-P., Yoo H.S., Choi S. 2018. Ten years of research change using Google Trends: From the perspective of big data utilizations and application. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 130. Google Scholar
Kaszowska J. Macroprudential Policy in Heterogeneous Environment – An Application of Agent- Based Approach in Systemic Risk Modeling, under review. Google Scholar
Kaszowska J., Santos J.L. 2014. The role of risk perception in the systemic risk generation and amplification: Agent-based approach. Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives, 3(4). Google Scholar
Kaszowska J., Santos J.L. 2017. Rola percepcji ryzyka i niepewności w ocenie ryzyka systemowego. Podejście symulacyjne ABM. Ekonomista, 4. Google Scholar
Kristoufek L. 2013. Can Google Trends search queries contribute to risk diversification? Scien¬tific Reports, 3. Google Scholar
Ludwig A., Sobański K. 2014. Banking sector fragility linkages in the euro area: Evidence for crisis years 2007–2010. Economics Letters, 125(3). Google Scholar
McElroy T. 2008. Exact Formulas for the Hodrick-Prescott Filter. Econometrics Journal, 11. Google Scholar
Micossi S. 2015. The Monetary Policy of the European Central Bank (2002–2015). Centre for European Policy Studies, 109. Google Scholar
Neri K., Roviel V. 2017. Google and Financial Markets: Can Google Trends describe and predict the dynamics of Norwegian stock market? Master Thesis, University of Stavanger, Stavanger. Google Scholar
Preis T., Reith D., Stanley H. 2010. Complex dynamics of our economic life on different scales: insights from search engine query data. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368(1933). Google Scholar
Rebooting the Eurozone: Step 1 – agreeing a crisis narrative. 2015. Centre of Economic Policy Research. Google Scholar
Seifter A., Schwarzwalder A., Geis K., Aucott J. 2010. The utility of Google Trends for epidemiological research: Lyme disease as an example. Geospatial Health, 4(2). Google Scholar
Smaga P. 2014. The concept of systemic risk. SRC Special Paper, 5. Google Scholar
Szpunar P. 2012. Rola polityki makroostrożnościowej w zapobieganiu kryzysom finansowym. Materiały i Studia, 278. Google Scholar
Uxo J. 2017. Is the end of fiscal austerity feasible in Spain? An alternative plan to the current Stability Programme (2015–2018). Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41. Google Scholar
Vosen S., Schmidt T. 2011. Forecasting private consumption: survey-based indicators vs. Google trends. Journal of Forecasting, 30(6). Google Scholar
Wyplosz C. 2014. The Eurozone crisis: A near-perfect case of mismanagement. Journal of Applied Economics, XXXIII(1). Google Scholar
Zhou X., Ye J., FengY. 2011 Tuberculosis surveillance by analyzing Google trends. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE, 58(8). Google Scholar
Department of Economics, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences
License
An Author declares that his paper has not been published before (under the same or another title, or is a part of another publication) and does not infringe copyrights of other persons**. At the same time, the Author transfers to the Publisher the exclusive right to publish and to circulate this work in print in the form of a non-serial journal publication and in a form of an electronic publication.
The journal is available on Creative Common license CC-BY-NC-ND