Remittances as a Consequences of Labour Migration of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Citizens in 2004-2013

Anna Organiściak-Krzykowska

Department of Social Policy and Insurance, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Joanna Machnis-Walasek

Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie


Resumen

Migration is a very important socio-economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting research problems worth considering concerns the scale and consequences of migration from the countries which joined the European Union in 2004 and in the later years. As a result of integration with European communities, citizens of the new member states acquired citizenship of the European Union. The right of free movement caused a significant increase in the number of temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1.7 million in 2004 to 5.6 million in 2012. In the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, important questions should be asked about the economic consequences of the mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the size of migration and remittances in the CEE countries. An analysis of the statistical data from Eurostat concerning the transfer of financial means due to working abroad made it possible to assess the economic consequences of labour migrations of the CEE-10 inhabitants. It turned out that, as regards the amount of those transfers, the biggest beneficiaries are Poland, Romania and Hungary. Throughout the period under analysis (2004-2013) Poland saw a joint inflow of EUR 44.8 bn, Romania - EUR 31.9 bn, and Hungary - EUR 15 bn due to their citizens working abroad.


Palabras clave:

remittances, labour migration, EU enlargement, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)


Avci G., Kirisci K. 2008. Turkey's Immigration and Emigration Dilemmas at the Gate of the European Union. In: Migration and Development: Perspectives from the South. Eds. St. Castles, R.D. Wise. International Organization for Migrants, Geneva.

Balance of Payments Manual. 1993. 5th edition, IMF, Washington D.C.

Castles S., Miller M.J. 2009. Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Chmielewska I. 2015. Transfery z tytułu pracy Polaków za granicą w świetle badań Narodowego Banku Polskiego. Materiały i Studia, 314.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Towards a job-rich recovery (W kierunku odnowy gospodarczej sprzyjającej zatrudnieniu). C0M/2012/0173.

Communication from the Commission. Europe 2020: a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth (Strategia na rzecz inteligentnego i zrównoważonego rozwoju sprzyjającego włączeniu społecznemu).

Dasgupta B. 1981. Rural-urban migration and rural development. In: Why People Move. Ed. J. Balan. UNESCO, Paris.

Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC.
Dustmann Ch., Casanova M., Fertig M., Preston I., Schmidt C.M. 2003. The impact of EU enlargement on migration flows. Home Office Online Report, 25. Research Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office, London.

DuszczykM., Matuszczyk K. 2014. Migration in the 21th century from the perspective of CEE countries - an opportunity or a threat? Central and Eastern European Development Institute, Warszawa.

European Union, Documents concerning the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the European Union, L 236 (23.09.2003).

Eurostat. Your key to European statistic, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat.

Gabrielczak P., Kucharski L., Kwiatkowski E. 2015. Rynki pracy w okresie globalnego kryzysu w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź.

Informacja o rozmiarach i kierunkach czasowej emigracji z Polski w latach 2004-2015. 2016. Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Olsztyn.

International Transactions in Remittances. Guide for Compilers and Users. 2009. IMF, Washington D.C.

Kwiatkowski E. 2010. Migracje zagraniczne Polaków i ich konsekwencje makroekonomiczne. In: Globalizacja i integracja regionalna a wzrost gospodarczy. Ed. S. Bukowski, CeDeWu, Warszawa.

Kwiatkowski E. 2013. Metodologiczne problemy analizy makroekonomicznych skutków emigracji ludności. Przypadek Polski. In: A. Organiściak-Krzykowska, E. Kwiatkowski, J. Machnis-Walasek, A.

Krajewska, K. Piłat, S. Pieńkowska-Kamieniecka. Powroty z migracji wobec sytuacji na rynku pracy w Polsce. Wyd. UWM, Olsztyn.

Lee E.S. 1966. A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1): 47-57.

Organiściak- Krzykowska A. 2013. Współczesne uwarunkowania i kierunki migracji w Polsce. In: A. Organiściak-Krzykowska, E. Kwiatkowski, J. Machnis-Walasek, A. Krajewska, K. Piłat, S. Pieńkowska-Kamieniecka. Powroty z migracji wobec sytuacji na rynku pracy w Polsce. Wyd. UWM, Olsztyn.

Rajkiewicz A. 2005. Dynamika i struktura migracji zarobkowych we współczesnej Polsce. In: Przyszłość pracy w XXI wieku. Ed. S. Borkowska. IPiSS, Warszawa.

Ravenstein E. 1889. The Laws of Migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of London, 48(2): 167-235.

Sprenger E. 2013. The Determinants of International Migration in the European Union: An Empirical Analysis. ISO Working Paper, 325.

World Bank Open Data, http://data.worldbank.org.

Żukrowska K. 2004. Rozdział negocjacyjny "swobodnyprzepływ osób". In: Polska w Unii Europejskiej. Eds. K. Żukrowska, J. Stryjek. Szkoła Główna Handlowa Oficyna Wydawnicza, Warszawa.

Publicado
2016-06-30

##plugins.themes.libcom.cytowania##

Organiściak-Krzykowska, A., & Machnis-Walasek, J. (2016). Remittances as a Consequences of Labour Migration of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Citizens in 2004-2013. Olsztyn Economic Journal, 11(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.2910

Anna Organiściak-Krzykowska 
Department of Social Policy and Insurance, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Joanna Machnis-Walasek 
Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie



Licencia

An Author declares that his paper has not been published before (under the same or another title, or is a part of another publication) and does not infringe copyrights of other persons**. At the same time, the Author transfers to the Publisher the exclusive right to publish and to circulate this work in print in the form of a non-serial journal publication and in a form of an electronic publication.

Author's statement

The journal is available on Creative Common license CC-BY-NC-ND