Zastosowanie i skuteczność psychoterapii poznawczo-behawioralnej perfekcjonizmu. Przegląd badań dotyczących redukcji perfekcjonizmu oraz objawów zaburzeń współwystępujących
Abstrakt
Cel: Celem tekstu jest przedstawienie natury perfekcjonizmu jako cechy osobowości, jego wpływu na zdrowie psychiczne oraz skutecznych metod terapeutycznych w kontekście terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej (CBT).
Tezy: Perfekcjonizm obejmuje zarówno adaptacyjne dążenie do wysokich standardów, jak i dezadaptacyjne aspekty związane z lękiem przed błędami oraz presją społeczną. W formie nieadaptacyjnej perfekcjonizm jest czynnikiem ryzyka powstawania oraz utrzymywania licznych zaburzeń psychicznych, takich jak depresja, zaburzenia lękowe, zaburzenia odżywiania czy zaburzenie obsesyjno-kompulsyjne. Mechanizmy poznawcze i behawioralne perfekcjonizmu – między innymi dychotomiczne myślenie, samokrytyka, ruminacje oraz unikanie – sprzyjają utrwalaniu tych problemów. Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna, prowadzona w różnych formach (indywidualnej, grupowej, internetowej) jest efektywną metodą redukcji zarówno perfekcjonistycznych obaw, jak i objawów współistniejących zaburzeń psychicznych.
Konkluzje: Badania dowodzą, że perfekcjonizm może wpływać nie tylko pozytywnie, lecz także negatywnie na pacjentów, a jego nieadaptacyjna forma wiąże się z poważnym zagrożeniem dla zdrowia psychicznego. Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna jest obecnie jedną z najlepiej udokumentowanych i skutecznych metod pracy nad perfekcjonizmem. Odpowiednio dobrane i wsparte interwencje sprzyjają trwałej redukcji nieadaptacyjnych aspektów perfekcjonizmu oraz poprawie dobrostanu psychicznego pacjentów – dorosłych oraz z młodszych grup wiekowych.
Słowa kluczowe:
Perfekcjonizm, Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna, Zaburzenia psychiczne, TransdiagnostycznośćBibliografia
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