Psychologiczne interwencje internetowe o skuteczności popartej dowodami naukowymi: wyzwania, dobre praktyki i rekomendacje

Monika Kornacka

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2737-9236

Anna Maj

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, StresLab: Centrum Badań nad Stresem
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-2265

Marta Szastok

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-7651

Stanisław Karkosz

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-7941

Steven Barnes

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-2178

Małgorzata Para

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7178-0063

Julie Prescott

University of Law, Psychology Faculty
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-2495

Magdalena Leśnierowska

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, StresLab: Centrum Badań nad Stresem
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-8865

Ewelina Smoktunowicz

Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, StresLab: Centrum Badań nad Stresem
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-3876


Abstract

Cel: Liczba oddziaływań psychologicznych dostarczanych za pomocą nowych technologii, takich jak aplikacje, chatboty, platformy internetowe, czyli tzw. interwencji internetowych, dynamicznie rośnie. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia zaleca ich rozwijanie ze względu na dostępność – zarówno w kontekście wykluczenia geograficznego i ekonomicznego, jak i ograniczonej liczby psychoterapeutów oraz długiego czasu oczekiwania na usługi w obszarze zdrowia psychicznego.

Interwencje internetowe, dostarczane jako samodzielne programy lub uzupełnienie tradycyjnej pomocy psychologicznej i psychoterapii, mają skuteczność potwierdzoną licznymi metaanalizami. Jednak część rozwiązań, które pojawiają się na rynku nie jest tworzona na podstawie modeli teoretycznych, a ich efektywność pozostaje niezbadana lub zbadana w sposób niewystarczający. Niniejszy artykuł, bazując na narracyjnym przeglądzie literatury, pozycjonuje interwencje internetowe jako rozwiązania oparte na dowodach, a jednocześnie omawia najważniejsze z wyzwań stojących przed tą dziedziną badań i praktyki klinicznej.

Tezy: Najważniejsze obecnie wyzwania to: (1) trudności w klasyfikowaniu i nazywaniu interwencji internetowych; (2) konieczność dostarczania wysokiej jakości dowodów naukowych potwierdzających efektywność konkretnej interwencji, a nie tylko jej podstaw teoretycznych; (3) wzięcie pod uwagę specyficznych aspektów interwencji internetowych, takich jak współprojektowanie rozwiązań, doświadczenia użytkownika, cyfrowe przymierze terapeutyczne czy grywalizacja.

W artykule przedstawiono aktualne praktyki dotyczące interwencji, omówiono przykłady regulacji oraz potrzeby i oczekiwania użytkowników w zakresie ich bezpiecznego wyboru i użytkowania.

Konkluzja: Interwencje internetowe są praktykami opartymi na dowodach naukowych. Biorąc pod uwagę obecny stan regulacji, należy szczególnie zadbać, aby jasno komunikować, w jaki sposób skuteczność danej interwencji została zbadana w odniesieniu do standardów, co umożliwi świadomy wybór interwencji pacjentom i profesjonalistom.


Keywords:

interwencje internetowe, eZdrowie, interwencje oparte na dowodach naukowych


Allen, S. F., Wetherell, M. A., Smith, M. A. (2020). Online writing about positive life experiences reduces depression and perceived stress reactivity in socially inhibited individuals. Psychiatry Research, 284, artykuł 112697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112697
Crossref   Google Scholar

Andersson, G. (2018). Internet interventions: Past, present and future. Internet Interventions, 12, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2018.03.008
Crossref   Google Scholar

Andersson, G., Carlbring, P. (2022). Internet interventions in clinical psychology. W: Comprehensive clinical psychology, second edition (t. 6, s. 194–205). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00211-9
Crossref   Google Scholar

Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P. (2010). Internet interventions: Moving from efficacy to effectiveness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(2), 9–17.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Andrews, G., Basu, A., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., English, C. L., Newby, J. M. (2018). Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.001
Crossref   Google Scholar

Anmella, G., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Radua, J., Passos, I. C., Kapczinski, F., ... Kessing, L. V. (2022). Smartphone‐based interventions in bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta‐analyses of efficacy. A position paper from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Big Data Task Force. Bipolar Disorders, 24(6), 580–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.13243
Crossref   Google Scholar

Barak, A., Klein, B., Proudfoot, J. G. (2009). Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9130-7
Crossref   Google Scholar

Barnes, S., Prescott, J. (2025), “Barriers to entry: Navigating issues by employing users in the design and development of digital innovations”. W: S. Barnes, J. Prescott (red.), How digital technologies can support positive psychology (positive psychology in practice) (s. 43–57). Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-428-320251005
Crossref   Google Scholar

Baumeister, H., Reichler, L., Munzinger, M., Lin, J. (2014). The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions—A systematic review. Internet Interventions, 1(4), 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.08.003
Crossref   Google Scholar

Berger, T. (2017). The therapeutic alliance in internet interventions: A narrative review and suggestions for future research. Psychotherapy Research, 27(5), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1119908
Crossref   Google Scholar

Berry, K., Salter, A., Morris, R., James, S., Bucci, S. (2018). Assessing therapeutic alliance in the context of mHealth interventions for mental health problems: Development of the Mobile Agnew Relationship Measure (mARM) questionnaire. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4), artykuł e90. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8252
Crossref   Google Scholar

Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085885
Crossref   Google Scholar

Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., Powers, M. B. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003
Crossref   Google Scholar

Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2018). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115
Crossref   Google Scholar

Carlbring, P., Hadjistavropoulos, H., Kleiboer, A., Andersson, G. (2023). A new era in Internet interventions: The advent of Chat-GPT and AI-assisted therapist guidance. Internet Interventions, 32, artykuł 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2023.100621
Crossref   Google Scholar

Cheah, K. J., Manaf, Z. A., Ludin, A. F. M., Razalli, N. H., Mokhtar, N. M., Ali, S. H. M. (2024). Mobile apps for common noncommunicable disease management: Systematic search in app stores and evaluation using the Mobile App Rating Scale. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 12(1), artykuł e49055. https://doi.org/10.2196/49055
Crossref   Google Scholar

Clarke, J., Proudfoot, J., Whitton, A., Birch, M.-R., Boyd, M., Parker, G., Manicavasagar, V., Hadzi Pavlovic, D., Fogarty, A. (2016). Therapeutic alliance with a fully automated mobile phone and web-based intervention: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 3(1), artykuł e10. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.4656
Crossref   Google Scholar

Cohen, Z. D., Schueller, S. M. (2023). Expanding, improving, and understanding behaviour research and therapy through digital mental health. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 167, artykuł 104358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2023.104358
Crossref   Google Scholar

Crocamo, C., Palpella, D., Cavaleri, D., Nasti, C., Piacenti, S., Morello, P., Lauria, G., Villa, O., Riboldi, I., Bartoli, F., Torous, J., Carrà, G. (2025). Digital health interventions for mental health disorders: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. Digital Health, 7(8), artykuł 100878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landig.2025.100878
Crossref   Google Scholar

Darcy, A., Daniels, J., Salinger, D., Wicks, P., Robinson, A. (2021). Evidence of human-level bonds established with a digital conversational agent: Cross-sectional, retrospective observational study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(5), artykuł e27868. https://doi.org/10.2196/27868
Crossref   Google Scholar

Davison, G. C. (2000). Stepped care: Doing more with less? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 580–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.580
Crossref   Google Scholar

D’Alfonso, S., Lederman, R., Bucci, S., Berry, K. (2020). The digital therapeutic alliance and human–computer interaction. JMIR Mental Health, 7(12), artykuł e21895. https://doi.org/10.2196/21895
Crossref   Google Scholar

Duffy, A., Boroumandzad, N., Sherman, A. L., Christie, G., Riadi, I., Moreno, S. (2025). Examining challenges to co-design digital health interventions with end users: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27(1), artykuł e50178. https://doi.org/10.2196/50178
Crossref   Google Scholar

Eltahawy, L., Essig, T., Myszkowski, N., Trub, L. (2024). Can robots do therapy?: Examining the efficacy of a CBT bot in comparison with other behavioral intervention technologies in alleviating mental health symptoms. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 2(1), artykuł 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100035
Crossref   Google Scholar

Escobar-Viera, C. G., Porta, G., Coulter, R. W. S., Martina, J., Goldbach, J., Rollman, B. L. (2023). A chatbot-delivered intervention for optimizing social media use and reducing perceived isolation among rural-living LGBTQ+ youth: Development, acceptability, usability, satisfaction, and utility. Internet Interventions, 34, artykuł 100668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2023.100668
Crossref   Google Scholar

Eilert, N., Enrique, A., Wogan, R., Mooney, O., Timulak, L., Richards, D. (2021). The effectiveness of Internet‐delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 38(2), 196–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23115
Crossref   Google Scholar

Eysenbach, G., Consort-EHEALTH Group. (2011). CONSORT-EHEALTH: Improving and standardizing evaluation reports of web-based and mobile health interventions. Journal of medical Internet research, 13(4), artykuł e1923. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1923
Crossref   Google Scholar

Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 55(4), 316–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000172
Crossref   Google Scholar

Freyer, O., Wrona, K. J., de Snoeck, Q., Hofmann, M., Melvin, T., Stratton-Powell, A., Wicks, P., Parks, A. C., Gilbert, S. (2024). The regulatory status of health apps that employ gamification. Scientific Reports, 14(1), artykuł 21016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71808-2
Crossref   Google Scholar

Ganapathy, A., Clough, B. A., Casey, L. M. (2021). Organizational and policy barriers to the use of digital mental health by mental health professionals. Telemedicine and E-Health, 27(12), 1332–1343. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2020.0455
Crossref   Google Scholar

Goldberg, S. B., Baldwin, S. A., Riordan, K. M., Torous, J., Dahl, C. J., Davidson, R. J., Hirshberg, M. J. (2022). Alliance with an unguided smartphone app: Validation of the Digital Working Alliance Inventory. Assessment, 29(6), 1331–1345. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211015310
Crossref   Google Scholar

Grodniewicz, J. P., Hohol, M. (2023). Waiting for a digital therapist: Three challenges on the path to psychotherapy delivered by artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, artykuł 1190084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1190084
Crossref   Google Scholar

Haber, Y., Levkovich, I., Hadar-Shoval, D., Elyoseph, Z. (2024). The artificial third: A broad view of the effects of introducing generative artificial intelligence on psychotherapy. JMIR Mental Health, 11, artykuł e54781. https://doi.org/10.2196/54781
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hall, C. L., Bergin, A. D. G., Rennick-Egglestone, S. (2024). Research into digital health intervention for mental health: 25-year retrospective on the ethical and legal challenges. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26(1), artykuł e58939. https://doi.org/10.2196/58939
Crossref   Google Scholar

Heber, E., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Nobis, S., Riper, H. (2017). The benefit of web- and computer-based interventions for stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(2), artykuł e5774. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5774
Crossref   Google Scholar

Henson, P., Wisniewski, H., Hollis, C., Keshavan, M., Torous, J. (2019). Digital mental health apps and the therapeutic alliance: Initial review. BJPsych Open, 5(1), artykuł e15. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.86
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hilty, D. M., Crawford, A., Teshima, J., Nasatir-Hilty, S. E., Luo, J., Chisler, L. S. M., Gutierrez Hilty, Y. S. M., Servis, M. E., Godbout, R., Lim, R. F., Lu, F. G. (2021). Mobile health and cultural competencies as a foundation for telehealth care: Scoping review. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 6(2), 197–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00180-5
Crossref   Google Scholar

Imai, H., Tajika, A., Narita, H., Yoshinaga, N., Kimura, K., Nakamura, H., Takeshima, N., Hayasaka, Y., Ogawa, Y., Furukawa, T. (2022). Unguided computer-assisted self-help interventions without human contact in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(4), artykuł e35940. https://doi.org/10.2196/35940
Crossref   Google Scholar

Iribarren, S. J., Cato, K., Falzon, L., Stone, P. W. (2017). What is the economic evidence for mHealth? A systematic review of economic evaluations of mHealth solutions. PLOS ONE, 12(2), artykuł e0170581. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170581
Crossref   Google Scholar

Jacob, C., Sanchez-Vazquez, A., Ivory, C. (2020). Understanding clinicians’ adoption of mobile health tools: A qualitative review of the most used frameworks. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(7), artykuł e18072. https://doi.org/10.2196/18072
Crossref   Google Scholar

Jeitani, A., Fahey, P. P., Gascoigne, M., Darnal, A., Lim, D. (2024). Effectiveness of stepped care for mental health disorders: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry, 47–48, artykuł 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100140
Crossref   Google Scholar

Karyotaki, E., Efthimiou, O., Miguel, C., Maas genannt Bermpohl, F., Furukawa, T. A., Cuijpers, P., Individual Patient Data Meta-Analyses for Depression (IPDMA-DE) Collaboration. (2021). Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual patient data network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(4), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4364
Crossref   Google Scholar

Karyotaki, E., Kleiboer, A., Smit, F., Turner, D. T., Pastor, A. M., Andersson, G., Berger, T., Botella, C., Breton, J. M., Carlbring, P., Christensen, H., Graaf, E. de, Griffiths, K., Donker, T., Farrer, L., Huibers, M. J. H., Lenndin, J., Mackinnon, A., Meyer, B., … Cuijpers, P. (2015). Predictors of treatment dropout in self-guided web-based interventions for depression: An ‘individual patient data’ meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2717–2726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000665
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kerber, A., Beintner, I., Burchert, S., Knaevelsrud, C. (2023). Effects of a self-guided transdiagnostic smartphone app on patient empowerment and mental health: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 10(1), artykuł e45068. https://doi.org/10.2196/45068
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kolovos, S., van Dongen, J. M., Riper, H., Buntrock, C., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Geraedts, A. S., Kenter, R. M., Nobis, S., Smith, A., Warmerdam, L., Hayden, J. A., van Tulder, M. W., Bosmans, J. E. (2018). Cost effectiveness of guided Internet-based interventions for depression in comparison with control conditions: An individual–participant data meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22714
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kopeć, W., Biele, C., Kornacka, M., Pochwatko, G., Jaskulska, A., Skorupska, K., Paluch, J., Gago, P., Karpowicz, B., Niewiński, M., Masłyk, R. (2021). Participatory design landscape for the human-machine collaboration, interaction and automation at the frontiers of HCI (PDL 2021). W: C. Ardito, R. Lanzilotti, A. Malizia, H. Petrie, A. Piccinno, G. Desolda, K. Inkpen (red.), Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021 (s. 564–569). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85607-6_78
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kornacka, M., Jaskulska, A., Skorupska, K., Szastok, M., Nadziejko, M., Kopeć, W. (2023). A solution for creating dynamic networks of symptoms in cognitive-behavioral functional analysis and therapy – participatory design protocol. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 27(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-01-2023-0015
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kornacka, M., Szastok, M., Jaskulska, A., Barnes, S., Kopeć, W., Pragłowska, E., Popiel, A. (2025). Integrating digital mental health into practice: Polish therapists’ perspectives on adoption, acceptability, benefits, and challenges [manuskrypt w przygotowaniu].   Google Scholar

Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Van Eickels, R. L., Plener, P. L., Felnhofer, A. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), artykuł 1654782. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1654782
Crossref   Google Scholar

Koval, P., Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Medland, H., Kuppens, P., Nezlek, J. B., Hinton, J. D. X., Gross, J. J. (2023). Emotion regulation in everyday life: Mapping global self-reports to daily processes. Emotion, 23(2), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001097
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kuek, A., Hakkennes, S. (2020). Healthcare staff digital literacy levels and their attitudes towards information systems. Health Informatics Journal, 26(1), 592–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458219839613
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kulwicka, K., Bielecki, M. (2025). Ważne słowa na P. O pieniądzach, psychoterapii i psychiatrii w Polsce. https://www0.swps.pl/images/DOKUMENTY/wazne_slowa_na_P_raport_Fundacja_Pomagam_pl.pdf   Google Scholar

Laestadius, L., Bishop, A., Gonzalez, M., Illenčík, D., Campos-Castillo, C. (2024). Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika. New Media & Society, 26(10), 5521–5545. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142007
Crossref   Google Scholar

Lecomte, T., Potvin, S., Corbière, M., Guay, S., Samson, C., Cloutier, B., Francoeur, A., Pennou, A., Khazaal, Y. (2020). Mobile apps for mental health issues: Meta-review of meta-analyses. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(5), artykuł e17458. https://doi.org/10.2196/17458
Crossref   Google Scholar

Lin, Z., Zheng, J., Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhu, R., Liu, R., Wei, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, F. (2024). Prediction of the efficacy of group cognitive behavioral therapy using heart rate variability based smart wearable devices: A randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), artykuł 187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05638-x
Crossref   Google Scholar

Linardon, J., Shatte, A., Messer, M., Firth, J., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2020). E-mental health interventions for the treatment and prevention of eating disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(11), 994-1007. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000575
Crossref   Google Scholar

Lindegaard, T., Berg, M., Andersson, G. (2020). Efficacy of internet-delivered psychodynamic therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 48(4), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2020.48.4.437
Crossref   Google Scholar

Lipschitz, J., Miller, C. J., Hogan, T. P., Burdick, K. E., Lippin-Foster, R., Simon, S. R., Burgess, J. (2019). Adoption of mobile apps for depression and anxiety: Cross-sectional survey study on patient interest and barriers to engagement. JMIR Mental Health, 6(1), artykuł e11334. https://doi.org/10.2196/11334
Crossref   Google Scholar

Löchner, J., Carlbring, P., Schuller, B., Torous, J., Sander, L. B. (2025). Digital interventions in mental health: An overview and future perspectives. Internet Interventions, 40, artykuł 100824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2025.100824
Crossref   Google Scholar

Lukka, L., Vesterinen, M., Salonen, A., Bergman, V.-R., Torkki, P., Palva, S., Palva, J. M. (2025). User journey method: A case study for improving digital intervention use measurement. BMC Health Services Research, 25(1), artykuł 479. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-12641-9
Crossref   Google Scholar

Maciejewski, J., Smoktunowicz, E. (2023). Low-effort internet intervention to reduce students’ stress delivered with Meta’s Messenger chatbot (Stressbot): A randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 33, artykuł 100653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2023.100653
Crossref   Google Scholar

Malinowska, J. K. (2021). What does it mean to empathise with a robot? Minds & Machines, 31, 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09558-7
Crossref   Google Scholar

Malouin-Lachance, A., Capolupo, J., Laplante, C., Hudon, A. (2025). Does the digital therapeutic alliance exist? Integrative review. JMIR Mental Health, 12, artykuł e69294. https://doi.org/10.2196/69294
Crossref   Google Scholar

Marcolino, M. S., Oliveira, J. A. Q., D’Agostino, M., Ribeiro, A. L., Alkmim, M. B. M., Novillo-Ortiz, D. (2018). The impact of mHealth interventions: Systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(1), artykuł e8873. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.8873
Crossref   Google Scholar

Mohr, D. C. (2024). Standards for randomized controlled trials of efficacy of psychological treatments. World Psychiatry, 23(2), 286–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21207
Crossref   Google Scholar

Mohr, D. C., Spring, B., Freedland, K. E., Beckner, V., Arean, P., Hollon, S. D., Ockene, J., Kaplan, R. (2009). The selection and design of control conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(5), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1159/000228248
Crossref   Google Scholar

Mor, S., Grimaldos, J., Tur, C., Miguel, C., Cuijpers, P., Botella, C., Quero, S. (2021). Internet-and mobile-based interventions for the treatment of specific phobia: A systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Internet Interventions, 26, artykuł 100462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100462
Crossref   Google Scholar

Morales-Pillado, C., Fernández-Castilla, B., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, T., González-Fraile, E., Barbeito, S., Calvo, A. (2023). Efficacy of technology-based interventions in psychosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 53(13), 6304–6315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722003610
Crossref   Google Scholar

Myin-Germeys, I., Schick, A., Ganslandt, T., Hajdúk, M., Heretik, A., Hoyweghen, I. V., Kiekens, G., Koppe, G., Marelli, L., Nagyova, I., Weermeijer, J., Wensing, M., Wolters, M., Beames, J., Allegri, M. de, Folco, S. di, Durstewitz, D., Katreniaková, Z., Lievevrouw, E., … Reininghaus, U. (2024). The experience sampling methodology as a digital clinical tool for more person-centered mental health care: An implementation research agenda. Psychological Medicine, 54(11), 2785–2793. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001454
Crossref   Google Scholar

Pauley, D., Cuijpers, P., Papola, D., Miguel, C., Karyotaki, E. (2023). Two decades of digital interventions for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effectiveness. Psychological Medicine, 53(2), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721001999
Crossref   Google Scholar

Peters, S., Guccione, L., Francis, J., Best, S., Tavender, E., Curran, J., Davies, K., Rowe, S., Palmer, V. J., Klaic, M. (2024). Evaluation of research co-design in health: A systematic overview of reviews and development of a framework. Implementation Science, 19(1), artykuł 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-024-01394-4
Crossref   Google Scholar

Pihlaja, S., Stenberg, J.-H., Joutsenniemi, K., Mehik, H., Ritola, V., Joffe, G. (2018). Therapeutic alliance in guided internet therapy programs for depression and anxiety disorders — a systematic review. Internet Interventions, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2017.11.005
Crossref   Google Scholar

Prentice, C., Peven, K., Zhaunova, L., Nayak, V., Radovic, T., Klepchukova, A., Potts, H., Ponzo, S. (2024). Methods for evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of direct-to-consumer mobile health apps: A scoping review. BMC Digital Health, 2, artykuł 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-024-00092-x
Crossref   Google Scholar

Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Kendra, M., Baiocchi, M., Pajarito, S., Robinson, A. (2021). A therapeutic relational agent for reducing problematic substance use (Woebot): Development and usability study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), artykuł e24850. https://doi.org/10.2196/24850
Crossref   Google Scholar

Rief, W., Asmundson, G. J. G., Bryant, R. A., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Holmes, E. A., McNally, R. J., Neufeld, C. B., Wilhelm, S., Jaroszewski, A. C., Berg, M., Haberkamp, A., Hofmann, S. G. (2024). The future of psychological treatments: The Marburg Declaration. Clinical Psychology Review, 110, artykuł 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102417
Crossref   Google Scholar

Ritterband, L. M., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Cox, D. J., Clifton, A. D., West, R. W., Borowitz, S. M. (2003). Internet interventions: In review, in use, and into the future. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(5), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.5.527
Crossref   Google Scholar

Rogala, A., Smoktunowicz, E., Żukowska, K., Kowalska, M., Cieślak, R. (2016). The helpers’ stress: Effectiveness of a web-based intervention for professionals working with trauma survivors in reducing job burnout and improving work engagement. Medycyna Pracy. Workers’ Health and Safety, 67(2), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00220
Crossref   Google Scholar

Serrano-Ripoll, M. J., Zamanillo-Campos, R., Fiol-DeRoque, M. A., Castro, A., Ricci-Cabello, I. (2022). Impact of smartphone app–based psychological interventions for reducing depressive symptoms in people with depression: systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 10(1), e29621. https://doi.org/10.2196/29621
Crossref   Google Scholar

Schlieter, H., Kählig, M., Hickmann, E., Fürstenau, D., Sunyaev, A., Richter, P., Breitschwerdt, R., Thielscher, C., Gersch, M., Maaß, W., Reuter-Oppermann, M., Wiese, L. (2024). Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) im Spannungsfeld von Fortschritt und Kritik. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz, 67(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-023-03804-2
Crossref   Google Scholar

Scholten, S., Klintwall, L., Glombiewski, J. A., Burger, J. (2025). Updating patient perceptions with intensive longitudinal data for enhanced case conceptualizations: An approach with Bayesian informative priors. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 134(5), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000993
Crossref   Google Scholar

Schulz, K. F., Grimes, D. A. (2002). Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. The Lancet, 359(9307), 696–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07816-9
Crossref   Google Scholar

Seiferth, C., Vogel, L., Aas, B., Brandhorst, I., Carlbring, P., Conzelmann, A., Esfandiari, N., Finkbeiner, M., Hollmann, K., Lautenbacher, H., Meinzinger, E., Newbold, A., Opitz, A., Renner, T. J., Sander, L. B., Santangelo, P. S., Schoedel, R., Schuller, B., Stachl, C., … Löchner, J. (2023). How to e-mental health: A guideline for researchers and practitioners using digital technology in the context of mental health. Nature Mental Health, 1(8), 542–554. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00085-1
Crossref   Google Scholar

Shafran, R., Myles-Hooton, P., Bennett, S., Öst, L.-G. (2021). The concept and definition of low intensity cognitive behaviour therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 138, artykuł 103803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103803
Crossref   Google Scholar

Sibbald, B., Roland, M. (1998). Understanding controlled trials. Why are randomised controlled trials important? BMJ: British Medical Journal, 316(7126), artykuł 201. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7126.201
Crossref   Google Scholar

Siddals, S., Torous, J., Coxon, A. (2024). “It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health. npj Mental Health Research, 3, artykuł 48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00097-4
Crossref   Google Scholar

Simon, N., Robertson, L., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Bethell, A., Dawson, S., Bisson, J. I. (2021). Internet‐based cognitive and behavioural therapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011710.pub3
Crossref   Google Scholar

Slovak, P., Munson, S. A. (2024). HCI Contributions in mental health: A modular framework to guide psychosocial intervention design. Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642624
Crossref   Google Scholar

Smoktunowicz, E., Barak, A., Andersson, G., Banos, R. M., Berger, T., Botella, C., Dear, B. F., Donker, T., Ebert, D. D., Hadjistavropoulos, H., Hodgins, D. C., Kaldo, V., Mohr, D. C., Nordgreen, T., Powers, M. B., Riper, H., Ritterband, L. M., Rozental, A., Schueller, S. M., … Carlbring, P. (2020). Consensus statement on the problem of terminology in psychological interventions using the internet or digital components. Internet Interventions, 21, artykuł 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2020.100331
Crossref   Google Scholar

Smoktunowicz, E., Lesnierowska, M., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cieslak, R. (2021). Resource-based internet intervention (med-stress) to improve well-being among medical professionals: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), artykuł e21445. https://doi.org/10.2196/21445
Crossref   Google Scholar

Spek, V., Cuijpers, P., Nyklíček, I., Riper, H., Keyzer, J., Pop, V. (2007). Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706008944
Crossref   Google Scholar

Steubl, L., Sachser, C., Baumeister, H., Domhardt, M. (2021). Mechanisms of change in Internet-and mobile-based interventions for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), artykuł 1879551. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1879551
Crossref   Google Scholar

Sumner, J., Ng, C. W. T., Teo, K. E. L., Peh, A. L. T., Lim, Y. W. (2024). Co-designing care for multimorbidity: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 22(1), artykuł 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03263-9
Crossref   Google Scholar

Tarricone, R., Petracca, F., Cucciniello, M., Ciani, O. (2022). Recommendations for developing a lifecycle, multidimensional assessment framework for mobile medical apps. Health Economics, 31(S1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4505
Crossref   Google Scholar

Tong, F., Lederman, R., D’Alfonso, S., Berry, K., Bucci, S. (2022). Digital therapeutic alliance with fully automated mental health smartphone apps: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, artykuł 819623. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.819623
Crossref   Google Scholar

Tong, F., Lederman, R., D’Alfonso, S., Berry, K., Bucci, S. (2023). Conceptualizing the digital therapeutic alliance in the context of mental health smartphone apps. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy [publikacja online przed drukiem]. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2851
Crossref   Google Scholar

Topooco, N., Riper, H., Araya, R., Berking, M., Brunn, M., Chevreul, K., Cieslak, R., Ebert, D. D., Etchmendy, E., Herrero, R., Kleiboer, A., Krieger, T., García-Palacios, A., Cerga-Pashoja, A., Smoktunowicz, E., Urech, A., Vis, C., Andersson, G. (2017). Attitudes towards digital treatment for depression: A European stakeholder survey. Internet Interventions, 8, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2017.01.001
Crossref   Google Scholar

Torous, J., Andersson, G., Bertagnoli, A., Christensen, H., Cuijpers, P., Firth, J., Haim, A., Hsin, H., Hollis, C., Lewis, S., Mohr, D. C., Pratap, A., Roux, S., Sherrill, J., Arean, P. A. (2019). Towards a consensus around standards for smartphone apps and digital mental health. World Psychiatry, 18(1), 97–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20592
Crossref   Google Scholar

Torous, J., Lipschitz, J., Ng, M., Firth, J. (2020). Dropout rates in clinical trials of smartphone apps for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.167
Crossref   Google Scholar

van Lotringen, C. M., Jeken, L., Westerhof, G. J., ten Klooster, P. M., Kelders, S. M., Noordzij, M. L. (2021). Responsible relations: A systematic scoping review of the therapeutic alliance in text-based digital psychotherapy. Frontiers in Digital Health, 3, artykuł 689750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2021.689750
Crossref   Google Scholar

Webb, T., Joseph, J., Yardley, L., Michie, S. (2010). Using the internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(1), artykuł e1376. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1376
Crossref   Google Scholar

WHO (2022). World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338   Google Scholar


Published
2025-12-22

Cited by

Kornacka, M., Maj, A., Szastok, M., Karkosz, S., Barnes, S., Para, M., Prescott, J., Leśnierowska, M., & Smoktunowicz, E. (2025). Psychologiczne interwencje internetowe o skuteczności popartej dowodami naukowymi: wyzwania, dobre praktyki i rekomendacje. The Review of Psychology, 68(4), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.11430

Monika Kornacka 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2737-9236
Anna Maj 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, StresLab: Centrum Badań nad Stresem
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-2265
Marta Szastok 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-7651
Stanisław Karkosz 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-7941
Steven Barnes 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-2178
Małgorzata Para 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, Emotion Cognition Lab
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7178-0063
Julie Prescott 
University of Law, Psychology Faculty
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-2495
Magdalena Leśnierowska 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, StresLab: Centrum Badań nad Stresem
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-8865
Ewelina Smoktunowicz 
Uniwersytet SWPS, Instytut Psychologii, StresLab: Centrum Badań nad Stresem
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-3876