Architectural Dimension of Longing for the Polish People’s Republic: The Role of Nostalgia in Rating of Traditional and Modern Buildings and Interiors
Mikołaj Filipiak
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Doctoral School of Social Sciences Academia Rerum Socialiumhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-8794-8827
Adam Zduńczyk
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Institute of PsychologyMaria Lewicka
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Institute of Psychologyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-467X
Abstrakt
Goal: Exploring the relationship between nostalgia and its types (restorative nostalgia and reflective nostalgia) alongside preferences for buildings and interiors in a modern or a typical traditional Polish People’s Republic (PPR) style. We predicted that restorative nostalgia (a longing for a lost past and a desire to recreate it in the present) will increase the architectural preference – both of buildings and interiors – for the typical Polish People’s Republic style, to a higher degree than reflective nostalgia, defined as a reflection on the passage of time. We also predicted that there would be a positive relationship between age and a preference for buildings and interiors typical for the Polish People’s Republic period.
Method: The first study, regarded as a pilot study, was conducted on a group of N = 67 participants. It investigated the correlation between age, two types of nostalgia measured using Prusik’s (2011) adaptation of the INP questionnaire (Index of Nostalgia Proneness), and ratings of 20 pictures of blocks of flats from the PPR period and modern buildings. 476 people aged 18–83 took part in the second study. They filled out a questionnaire measuring two types of nostalgia and then rated 12 randomly presented photos of buildings and interiors in a modern or the PPR style on four scales: “I like it”, practicality, coziness, and how nostalgic it appeared.
Results: In the first study, older people had a higher level of restorative nostalgia and rated photos of PPR buildings higher. Restorative nostalgia was a better predictor of blocks of flats ratings than reflective nostalgia.
In the second study, statistical analysis revealed a negative association between age and the overall ratings and nostalgic ratings of communist-era interiors, and a positive association with the nostalgic ratings of modern interiors. Reflective nostalgia better explained the variance in ratings of modern buildings. Restorative nostalgia was more strongly associated with ratings of communist-era interiors than reflective nostalgia and predicted nostalgic ratings of communist-era buildings. Both types of nostalgia predicted positive evaluations of modern interiors.
Conclusion: The results of the studies showcase a complex picture of the relationship between nostalgia, style, and ratings of presented photos. A link was found between restorative nostalgia and positive ratings of places in the PPR style. However, unexpected relationships between variables were also found in the second study. The lack of reproducibility of correlation between age and ratings of photos suggests a limited influence of experiences from one’s youth in the shaping of preferences for buildings and interiors.
Słowa kluczowe:
restorative nostalgia, reflective nostalgia, building preference, interiors preference, Polish People’s RepublicBibliografia
Abakoumkin, G., Hepper, E. G., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019). From nostalgia through social connectedness to self-continuity: Replication and extension. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 16(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.26262/hjp.v16i2.7893 Google Scholar
Abeyta, A. A., Routledge, C., & Juhl, J. (2015). Looking back to move forward: Nostalgia as a psychological resource for promoting relationship goals and overcoming relationship challenges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000036
Crossref
Google Scholar
Anspach, C. K. (1934). Medical dissertation on nostalgia by Johannes Hofer, 1688. Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 2(6), 376–391. Google Scholar
Aulich, A. (2024). Niezwykła moda z czasów PRL. Takie niesamowite rzeczy nosiły dziewczyny! Moda wraca? Sprawdź! https://kalisz.naszemiasto.pl/niezwykla-moda-z-czasow-prl-takie-niesamowite-rzeczy-nosily/ar/c6-9200057 Google Scholar
Batcho, K. I. (1995). Nostalgia: A psychological perspective. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80(1), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131
Crossref
Google Scholar
Batcho, K. I. (2013). Nostalgia: Retreat or support in difficult times?. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(3), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.3.0355
Crossref
Google Scholar
Batcho, K., I. (2020). Nostalgia: The paradoxical bittersweet emotion. In Jacobsen, M. H. (Ed.) Nostalgia Now. Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on the Past in the Present. (1st ed., pp. 31–46). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429287602
Crossref
Google Scholar
Behler, A. M. C., Cairo, A., Green, J. D., & Hall, C. (2021). Making America great again? National nostalgia’s effect on outgroup perceptions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 555667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.555667
Crossref
Google Scholar
Blum, M. (2000). Remaking the East German past: Ostalgie, identity, and material culture. Journal of Popular Culture, 34(3), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2000.3403_229.x
Crossref
Google Scholar
Boyer, D. (2006). Ostalgie and the politics of the future in Eastern Germany. Public Culture, 18(2), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2006-008
Crossref
Google Scholar
Boym, S. (2001). The Future of Nostalgia. Basis Books. Google Scholar
Boym, S. (2007). Nostalgia and its discontents. Hedgehog Review, 9(2), 7–18. Google Scholar
Brzezińska, A. (2006). Dzieciństwo i dorastanie: korzenie tożsamości osobistej i społecznej [Childhood and Adolescence: Roots of Individual and Social Identity]. In A. W. Brzezińska, A. Hulewska, J. Słomska (Eds.), Edukacja regionalna (pp. 47–77). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Google Scholar
Cheung, W. Y., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016). Induced nostalgia increases optimism (via social-connectedness and self-esteem) among individuals high, but not low, in trait nostalgia. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.028
Crossref
Google Scholar
Czapiński, J., & Panek, T. (Eds.) (2015). Diagnoza społeczna 2015. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków [Social diagnosis 2015. Objective and subjective quality of life in Poland]. Research Report. Warszawska Rada Monitoringu Społecznego. Google Scholar
Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for Yesterday. A Sociology of Nostalgia. The Free Press. Google Scholar
De Diego, F. F., & Ots, C. V. (2014). Nostalgia: A conceptual history. History of Psychiatry, 25(4), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X14545290
Crossref
Google Scholar
Ekman, J., & Linde, J. (2005). Communist nostalgia and the consolidation of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 2(3), 354–374.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows. Sage Publications Ltd. Google Scholar
FOTOTAPETA (2000). “Zachęta” do światowej fotografii prasowej https://fototapeta.art.pl/fti-wpp43a.html Google Scholar
Godole, J., & Idrizi, I. (2019). Between apathy and nostalgia. Public and private recollections of communism in contemporary Albania. Institute for Democracy, Media and Culture. Google Scholar
Havlena, W. J., & Holak, S. L. (1996). Exploring nostalgia imagery through the use of consumer collages. Advances in Consumer Research, 23(1), 35–42. Google Scholar
Havlena, W. J., & Holak, S. L. (2000). Nostalgia and nostalgia-proneness: Classification and measurement. Unpublished Working Paper. Google Scholar
Hepper, E. G., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Ritchie, T. D., Yung, Y. F., Hansen, N., Abakoumkin, G., Arikan, G., Cisek, S. Z., Demassosso, D. B., Gebauer, J. E., Gerber, J. P., González, R., Kusumi, T., Misra, G., Rusu, M., Ryan, O., Stephan, E., Vingerhoets, A. J., & Zhou, X. (2014). Pancultural nostalgia: Prototypical conceptions across cultures. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 14(4), 733–747. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036790
Crossref
Google Scholar
Hepper, E. G., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W. Y., Abakoumkin, G., Arikan, G., Aveyard, M., Baldursson, E. B., Bialobrzeska, O., Bouamama, S., Bouzaouech, I., Brambilla, M., Burger, A. M., Chen, S. X., Cisek, S., Demassosso, D., Estevan-Reina, L., González Gutiérrez, R., Gu, L., ... Zengel, B. (2024). Pancultural nostalgia in action: Prevalence, triggers, and psychological functions of nostalgia across cultures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153(3), 754–778. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001521
Crossref
Google Scholar
Holak, S. L., & Havlena, W. J. (1998). Feelings, fantasies, and memories: An examination of the emotional components of nostalgia. Journal of Business Research, 42(3), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00119-7
Crossref
Google Scholar
Holak, S. L, Havlena, W., & Matveev, A. (2005). Exploring nostalgia in Russia: Testing the index of nostalgia-proneness. In K. M, Ekstrom, H. Brembeck (Eds.), ACR European Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 7, pp. 195–200). Association for Consumer Research. Google Scholar
Holbrook, M. B. (1993). Nostalgia and consumption preferences: Some emerging patterns of consumer tastes. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 245–256. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2489272
Crossref
Google Scholar
Jacobsen, M. H. (2020). Introduction: In times of nostalgia: The brave new world of a grand old emotion. In M. H. Jacobsen (Eds.), Nostalgia now. Cross disciplinary perspectives on the past and the present (pp. 1–28). Routledge.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Jarmuż, M. (2013). „Nie chcemy być nowocześni”: z badań nad sposobami urządzania mieszkań w PRL [„We Don’t Want to Be Modern” From the research into ways of furnishing of apartments in the Polish People’s Republic]. Polska 1944/45-1989: studia i materiały, 11, 45–66. Google Scholar
Juhl, J., & Biskas, M. (2023). Nostalgia: An impactful social emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 49, Article 101545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101545
Crossref
Google Scholar
Koleva, D. (2019). Post-socialist nostalgia: What is it and what to do about it? In J. Godole, I. Idrizi (Eds.), Between apathy and nostalgia. Public and private recollections of communism in contemporary Albania (pp. 133–145). Institute for Democracy, Media and Culture. Google Scholar
Królikowski, K. (Director). (2017). Bloki [Movie]. Mediadizajn; Zachodniopomorski Fundusz Filmowy Pomeranian Film. Google Scholar
Lewicka, M., & Prusik, M. (2023). Bittersweet versus bitter or sweet: The psychological implications of restorative and reflective nostalgia [Preprint]. OSF Preprints. http://dx.doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/89fc7
Crossref
Google Scholar
Lewicka, M., Rowiński, K., Iwańczak, B., Bałaj, B., Kula, A. M., Oleksy, T., Prusik, M., Toruńczyk-Ruiz, S., & Wnuk, A. (2019). On the essentialism of places: Between conservative and progressive meanings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65, Article 101318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101318
Crossref
Google Scholar
Maksimović, M. (2017). Unattainable past, unsatisfying present – Yugonostalgia: An omen of a better future? Nationalities Papers, 45(6), 1066–1081. DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1312324
Crossref
Google Scholar
McCann, W. H. (1941). Nostalgia: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 38(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057354
Crossref
Google Scholar
Newman, D. B., Sachs, M. E., Stone, A. A., & Schwarz, N. (2020). Nostalgia and well-being in daily life: An ecological validity perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(2), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000236
Crossref
Google Scholar
Ostovich, S. T. (2020). Dangerous memories: Nostalgia and the historical sublime. In Jacobsen, M. H. (Ed.), Nostalgia Now. Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on the Past in the Present (1st ed., pp. 101–115). Routledge.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Pejas, I. (2024) Moda PRL w pigułce. Charakterystyka, trendy, ubrania, przykłady stylizacji. Wizaz.pl https://wizaz.pl/moda/moda-prl-w-pigulce-charakterystyka-trendy-ubrania-przyklady-stylizacji-404763-r1/#Jak%20ubiera%C4%87%20si%C4%99%20w%20tylu%20PRL’u?%20Moda%20vintage%20w%20od%C5%9Bwie%C5%Bconym%20wydaniu Google Scholar
Prusik, M. (2011). Raj utracony? Nostalgia za PRL-em – rola mechanizmów pamięci Kolektywnej [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Uniwersytet Warszawski. Google Scholar
Prusik, M., & Lewicka, M. (2016). Nostalgia for communist times and autobiographical memory: Negative present or positive past? Political Psychology, 37(5), 677–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12330
Crossref
Google Scholar
Roeske, M. (2014). Moda czy nostalgia? O tym, jak PRL funkcjonuje w wyobraźni społecznej współczesnych Polaków [Fashion or Nostalgia? On how the Polish People’s Republic functions in the social imagination of modern Poles]. Kultura Popularna, 2(40), 140–151. Google Scholar
Routledge, C. (2016). Nostalgia. A Psychological Resource. Psychology Press.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001
Crossref
Google Scholar
Schindler, R. M., & Holbrook, M. B. (2003). Nostalgia for early experience as a determinant of consumer preferences. Psychology & Marketing, 20(4), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10074
Crossref
Google Scholar
Sedikides, C., Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Hepper, E. G., Baldursson, E., & Pedersen, B. (2018). Nostalgia motivates pursuit of important goals by increasing meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2318
Crossref
Google Scholar
Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2019). The sociality of personal and collective nostalgia. European Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 123–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098
Crossref
Google Scholar
Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2022). Nostalgia across cultures. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221091649
Crossref
Google Scholar
Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Gaertner, L., Routledge, C., Arndt, J. (2010). Nostalgia as enabler of self continuity. In F. Sani (Ed.), Self continuity (pp. 227–239). Psychology Press. Google Scholar
Skowronski, J. J. , Walker, W. R., Henderson, D. X., Bond, B. G. (2014). The fading affect bias: Its history, its implications, and its future. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 163–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800052-6.00003-2
Crossref
Google Scholar
Todorova M., & Gille Z. (Eds.). (2010). Post-Communist nostalgia. Berghahn Books.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Vess, M., Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Nostalgia as a resource for the self. Self and Identity, 11(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2010.521452
Crossref
Google Scholar
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
Crossref
Google Scholar
Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2023). Water from the lake of memory: The regulatory model of nostalgia. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221121768
Crossref
Google Scholar
Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki (2025) Szare w kolorze 1956–1970. https://zacheta.art.pl/pl/mediateka-i-publikacje/szare-w-kolorze-1956-1970 Google Scholar
Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Gao, D. G. (2008). Counteracting loneliness: On the restorative function of nostalgia. Psychological Science, 19(10), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x
Crossref
Google Scholar
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Doctoral School of Social Sciences Academia Rerum Socialium
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8794-8827
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Institute of Psychology
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Institute of Psychology
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-467X
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
