Littoral Impressionism in "The Wreck of the Archangel" by George Mackay Brown
Halszka Leleń
Instytut Literaturoznawstwa UWMAbstrakt
George Mackay Brown’s poetic renderings of the northern archipelagic world have never been considered in the context of the techniques of literary Impressionism as deployed to attain the aesthetic effect of reader engagement. It is possible to view the author’s mature collection of poetry The Wreck of the Archangel as composed on the principle of littoral Impressionism that expands Joseph Conrad’s idea of art as expressed in the Preface to The Nigger of the “Narcissus”. This article will examine Brown’s ecosophy of community that emerges from his major aesthetic principles which he uses to give the reader a literary experience of a seatangled multiperspectivity. Brown’s unique lyrical-narrative insights into the multiplicity of qualia and ecopoetic focus result in a particular aesthetic effect of phenomenological immediacy. Adopting such a perspective on the Orkney author might be an important point for a reassessment of his position in the history of Scottish and British literature.
Słowa kluczowe:
seatangled multiperspectivity, Conrad’s idea of art, northern archipelagic world, qualia and ecopoetic focus, ecosophy of communityBibliografia
Allen, N. (2021), Ireland, Literature, and the Coast: Seatangled. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Baker, T.C. (2009), George Mackay Brown and the Philosophy of Community. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar
Bate, J. (2001[2000]), The Song of the Earth. London: Picador. Google Scholar
Brown, G.M. (1998 [1997]), For the Islands I Sing: An Autobiography. London: John Murray. Google Scholar
Brown, G.M. (1989a), Introduction: The Wreck of the Archangel, MS 3115/3f, Centre for Research Collections, University of Edinburgh Library. Google Scholar
Brown, G.M. (1989b), Introduction. In: Idem, The Wreck of the Archangel. London: John Murray: 4–5. Google Scholar
Brown, G.M. (2006 [2005/1989]), The Wreck of the Archangel (1989). In: Bevan, A./Murray, B. (eds.), The Collected Poems of George Mackay Brown. London: John Murray: 223–290. Google Scholar
Carruthers, G./McIlvanney, L. (eds.) (2012), The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature. Cambridge – New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Classen, C. (1993/2023), Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures. London: Routledge. https://books.google.pl/books?id=mnCpEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Conrad, J. (2018 [2006/1897]), Preface: The Nigger of the “Narcissus”. Project Gutenberg eBook. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17731/17731-h/17731-h.htm [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Day, J. (2020), Novel Sensations: Modernist Fiction and the Problem of Qualia. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar
Dawson, M.R.W./Medler, D.A. (2010), Qualia. In: Dawson, M.R.W./Medler, D.A. (eds.), Dictionary of Cognitive Science. University of Alberta. http://www.bcp.psych.ualberta.ca/~mike/Pearl_Street/Dictionary/contents/Q/qualia.html [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Delmaire, D. (2012), The Subject and his Stories: Lyricality in the Narrative Poetry of George Mackay Brown. Temporel: revue littéraire et artistique13. https://temporel.fr/The-Subject-and-his-Stories [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Fergusson, M. (2008), George Mackay Brown: The Life. London: John Murray. Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. (2011), George Mackay Brown: The Wound and the Gift. Edinburgh: St Andrew Press. Kindle Edition. Google Scholar
Freeman, M. (1989), George Mackay Brown: The Wreck of the Archangel Review. PN Review (1 January) 16/4: 59‒60. Google Scholar
Genosko, G. (2009), Félix Guattari: A Critical Introduction. London: Pluto Press. Google Scholar
Hartner, M. (2014 [2012]), Multiperspectivity. In: Hühn, P. et al. (eds.), The Living Handbook of Narratology. Hamburg: Hamburg University. http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/ Google Scholar
[accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Henry Moore OM, CH Gallery Label (2004), Moore, H. Woman Seated in the Underground (1941). https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/moore-woman-seated-in-the-underground-n05707 [accessed: 20.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Hidley, K. (2016), Sight and Understanding: Visual Imagery as Metaphor in the Old English “Boethius” and “Soliloquies”. In: Kern-Stähler, A. et al. (eds.), The Five Senses in Medieval and Early Modern England. Leiden: Brill: 19–35. Google Scholar
Husserl, E. (1970 [1900]), Logical Investigations. Trans. Findlay, J.N. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Google Scholar
Incantation. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incantation [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Kern-Stähler, A./Scheuchzer, K. (2016), Introduction. In: Kern-Stähler, A. et al. (eds.), The Five Senses in Medieval and Early Modern England. Leiden: Brill: 1–19. Google Scholar
Leleń, H. (2015), Semiotics of Archipelago in George Mackay Brown’s Narratives. In: Szuba, M. (ed.), Boundless Scotland: Space in Contemporary Scottish Fiction. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego: 137–153. Google Scholar
Leleń, H. (2020), Narrative Displacement and Paradigms of Sanctity in Selected Short Stories of George Mackay Brown. In: Eadem (ed.), Sanctity as a Story: Narrative (In)Variants of the Saint, vol. 17 of Mediated Fictions: Studies in Verbal and Visual Narratives. Berlin: Peter Lang 2020: 59–84. Google Scholar
Lewis, C.I. (1929), Mind and the World-Order: An Outline of a Theory of Knowledge. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Google Scholar
Madsen, P. (2023), Deep Ecology. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology. [accessed: 29.03.2023]. Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005 [1962]), Phenomenology of Perception. Trans. Smith, C. London – New York: Routledge. Google Scholar
Moore, H. (1941), Woman Seated in the Underground. Tate Britain, London, catalogue number N05707. Google Scholar
Murray, R./Murray, B. (2008 [2004]), Interrogation of Silence: The Writings of George Mackay Brown. London – Edinburgh: Steve Savage. Google Scholar
Naess, A. (1990), Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: An Outline of Ecosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Nye, R. (1989), Shout of the wind, smack of the sea. Poetry. The Times (14 Oct.) . Gale Academic OneFile. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A117084807/AONE?u=ed_itw&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=ebb3aeb7 [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Oppermann, S. (2019), Storied Seas and Living Metaphors in the Blue Humanities. Configurations 27/4, (Fall): 443–461. Google Scholar
Pearson, M. (2006), Littoral Society: The Concepts and the Problems. Journal of World History 17/4: 354. Google Scholar
Peters, J.G. (2004 [2001]), Conrad and Impressionism. Cambridge – New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Purdy, E. (2022), The Weight of Water: Some Implications for Textual Fluidity for the Study of Comparative Literature. Revue de Littérature Générale et Comparée 14/56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/trans.6889 [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Rembowska-Płuciennik, M. (2012), Narrative Models of Intersubjectivity. Trans. Skotnicka, M. Teksty Drugie 2: 202–225. Google Scholar
Schmid, S. (2003), Keeping the Sources Pure: The Making of George Mackay Brown. Oxford et al.: Peter Lang. Google Scholar
Smith, J. (2013), The Archipelagic Literature: Re-framing the “New Nature Writing”. Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism 17/1: 5‒15. DOI: 10.1080/14688417.2012.750840 [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Stachura, M. (2011), Making it New: Imagism and George Mackay Brown’s Runic Poetry. International Journal of Scottish Literature 8. https://www.ijsl.stir.ac.uk/issue8/stachura.htm [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Szuba, M. (2021 [2019]), Contemporary Scottish Poetry and the Natural World: Burnside, Jamie, Robertson and White. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar
The Wreck of the Archangel. Review. (1995), Publishers Weekly 242.26 (26 June): 103. Gale Academic OneFile. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A17163250/AONE?u=ed_itw&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=e92f41a9. [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Tye, M. (2021), Qualia. In: Zalta, E.N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=qualia [accessed: 28.02.2023]. Google Scholar
Instytut Literaturoznawstwa UWM
Inne teksty tego samego autora
- Halszka Leleń, Structuring Uncertainty: An Attempt at Reading G. H. Wells’ ’’The Apple” , Acta Neophilologica: Nr III (2001): Acta Neophilologica
