The offensive initiated by the 1st Russian Army on 17 August 1914 marked the beginning of World War I in the north-eastern part of East Prussia. Contrary to the German army’s plans which anticipated a Russian attack between the Romincka Forest in the north and Suwałki in the south, the 1st Russian Army attempted to circumvent the Romincka Forest from the north. General Maximilian von Prittwitz, the commander of the German 8th Army, responded to the attack by defending the frontline along the Angerapp (Węgorapa) River. The commander of the German 1st Corps, General Hermann von François, disobeyed the order. Instead of concentrating his forces in the region of Insterburg (Wystruć) and Gumbinnen (Polish: Gąbin; Russian: Gusev), von François moved eastwards and initiated military action on the first day of the Russian offensive. On 17 August, von François launched an attack at Stallupönen (Polish: Stołupiany; Russian: Nesterov) which ended with a victory of the Russian troops. After the confrontation at Stallupönen, the commander of the German 8th Army realized that the Russians would bypass the Romincka Forest in the north. However, he failed to draw the right conclusions from this fact and the German troops suffered a defeat in the second battle of Gumbinnen. The initial assumptions made by General Prittwitz were flawed, and by spreading his forces along a 50-km-long frontline, he forced each of his corps to fight separate battles. Prittwitz prevented General von Below from deploying the 1st Reserve Corps to reinforce the initially successful 17th Army Corps of General August von Mackensen, while the 35th Infantry Division threatened to press forward and break the formation of the Russian 1st Army. The 17th Army Corps commanded by General von Mackensen suffered the greatest losses at the Battle of Gumbinnen. The German 8th Army was forced to retreat, and after General Samsonov’s 2nd Army had crossed the border, General Prittwitz’s only option was to withdraw German forces to the Vistula line.
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