Rola big data w kampaniach wyborczych
Abstrakt
Technologie informacyjne i komunikacyjne (ICT) odgrywają coraz ważniejszą rolę we współczesnych społeczeństwach. Służą do przetwarzania, gromadzenia i przesyłania stale rosnącej ilości danych i informacji. Celem autora artykułu jest zaprezentowanie możliwości, jakie oferują mechanizmy big data i ich praktyczne wykorzystanie w kampaniach wyborczych. Wskazane zostały wyzwania, szanse i zagrożenia płynące ze stosowania i przetwarzania „dużych danych”. Podjęta została też próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy analityka danych może oddziaływać na przebieg kampanii i wyniki wyborów.
Słowa kluczowe:
big data, komunikowanie polityczne, kampanie wyborcze, social media, analityka danychInstytucje finansujące
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Bibliografia
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Bright, Jonathan. 2016. The Social News Gap: How News Reading and News Sharing Diverge. Journal of Communication, 3 (66), s. 343–365.
Chadwick, Andrew, i Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. 2016. Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns: Party Decline or Party Renewal? The International Journal of Press/Politics, 3 (21), s. 283–293.
Halevi, Gali. 2012. The Evolution of Big Data as a Research and Scientific Topic: Overview of the Literature. Research Trends, 30, s. 1–40.
Keller, Tobias R., i Klinger, Ulrike. 2019. Social Bots in Election Campaigns: Theoretical, Empirical, and Methodological Implications. Political Communication, 1 (36), s. 171–189.
Kreiss, Daniel, i McGregor, Shannon C. 2018. Technology Firms Shape Political Communication: The Work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with Campaigns During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Cycle. Political Communication, 2 (25), s. 155–177.
Lee, Jayeon, i Xu, Weiai. 2018. The More Attacks, the More Retweets: Trump’s and Clinton’s Agenda Setting on Twitter. Public Relations Review, 2 (44), s. 201–213.
Łódzki, Bartłomiej. 2017. „Fake news” – dezinformacja w mediach internetowych i formy jej zwalczania w przestrzeni międzynarodowej. Polityka i Społeczeństwo, 4 (15), s. 19–30.
Manan, Abdul, i Ahmed, Muqeem. 2018. Election Prediction Using Big Data Analytics: A Survey. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5 (7), s. 366–369.
Nickerson, David W., i Rogers, Tood. 2014. Political Campaigns and Big Data. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2 (28), s. 51–74.
Pawełczyk, Piotr, i Jakubowski, Jakub. 2017. Political Marketing in the Times of Big Data. Przegląd Politologiczny Kwartalnik – Political Science Review, 3, s. 34–44.
Procter, Rob, Vis, Farida, i Voss, Alex. 2013. Reading the Riots on Twitter: Methodological Innovation for the Analysis of Big Data. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3 (16), s. 197–214.
Rogers, Richard. 2013. Digital Methods. London: The MIT Press.
Schäfer, Fabian, Evert, Stefan, i Heinrich, Philipp. 2017. Japan’s 2014 General Election: Political Bots, Right-Wing Internet Activism, and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe’s Hidden Nationalist Agenda. Big Data, 4 (5), s. 294–309.
Sudhahar, Saatviga, Veltri, Giuseppe A., i Cristianini, Nello. 2015. Automated Analysis of the US Presidential Elections Using Big Data and Network Analysis. Big Data and Society, 1 (2), s. 1–28.
Netografia
Cadwalladr, Carole, Graham-Harrison, Emma, i Townsend, Mark. 2018. Revealed: Brexit Insider Claims Vote Leave Team May Have Breached Spending Limits. [Online]. The Guardian.com. Dostęp: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/24/brexit-whistleblower-cambridge-analytica-beleave-vote-leave-shahmir-sanni [10.11.2018].
Datafloq. 2013. Obama Changed the Political Campaign with Big Data. [Online]. DataFloq.com. Dostęp: https://datafloq.com/read/big-data-obama-campaign/516 [2.11.2018].
Datafloq. 2018. How Big Data Plays Important Role in Politics. [Online]. DataFloq.com. Dostęp: https://datafloq.com/read/how-big-data-plays-a-big-role-in-politics/4529 [15.10.2018].
Duhigg, Charles. 13.10.2012. Campaigns Mine Personal Lives to Get Out Vote. [Online]. The New York Times. Dostęp: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/us/politics/campaigns-mine-personallives-to-get-out-vote.html [16.11.2018].
Elliott, Timo. 2013. 7 Definitions of Big Data You Should Know About. [Online]. Digital Business and Business Analytics. Timo Elliott’s Blog. Dostęp: https://timoelliott.com/blog/2013/07/7-definitions-of-big-data-you-should-know-about.html [14.12.2017].
Firican, George. 2017. The 10 Vs of Big Data. Transforming Data with Intelligence. [Online]. Tdwi.org. Dostęp: https://tdwi.org/articles/2017/02/08/10-vs-of-big-data.aspx [15.11.2018].
Fried, Ina. 2016. Hillary Clinton is Launching a Game-Style Mobile App for Campaign Volunteers.[Online]. Recode. Dostęp: https://www.recode.net/2016/7/24/12266026/hillary-clinton-campaign-mobile-app [8.11.2018].
Funke, Daniel. 2018. Google Suspends Fact-Checking Feature over Quality Concerns. [Online]. Poynter.org. Dostęp: https://www.poynter.org/news/google-suspends-fact-checking-feature-over-quality-concerns [14.11.2018].
Gdak, Rafał. 2017. Google wyświetlał fake newsy w witrynach walczących z nimi. [Online]. Spidersweb.pl. Dostęp: https://www.spidersweb.pl/2017/10/fake-news-google.html [5.12.2017].
Grassegger, Hannes, i Krogerus, Mikael. 2017. The Data That Turned the World Upside Down. [Online]. Motherboard. Dostęp: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg9vvn/how-ourlikes-helped-trump-win [3.12.2018].
Hern, Alex. 18.03.2018. Breach Leaves Facebook Users Wondering: How Safe Is My Data. [Online]. The Guardian.com. Dostęp: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/18/breach-leavesfacebook-users-left-wondering-how-safe-is-my-data [10.11.2018].
Hunter, Fergus. 23.01.2017. Cambridge Analytica, the ‘Psychographic’ Data Firm Behind Donald Trump, Eyes Australian Move. [Online]. The Sydney Morning Herald. Dostęp: https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/cambridge-analytica-the-psychographic-data-firm-behind-donald-trump-eyes-australian-move-20161212-gt926e.html [1.12.2018].
Monbiot, George. 2017. Big Data’s Power Is Terrifying. That Could Be Good News for Democracy. [Online]. The Guardian.com. Dostęp: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/06/big-data-cambridge-analytica-democracy [15.12.2018].
Neudert, Lisa-Maria, Kollanyi, Bence, i Howard, Philip. 2017. Junk News and Bots During the German Parliamentary Election: What are German Voters Sharing over Twitter? [Online]. The Computational Propaganda Research Project. Dostęp: http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/09/ComProp_GermanElections_Sep2017v5.pdf [15.12.2018].
Patel, Pranay. 2018. Role of Big Data in US Presidential Election. [Online]. Researchgate.net. Dostęp: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325333423_ROLE_OF_BIG_DATA_IN_US_PRESIDENTIAL_ELECTION [15.12.2018].
Samsung. 2017. Jak wiele danych produkujemy każdego dnia? [Online]. Forbes.pl. Dostęp: https://www.forbes.pl/technologie/jak-wiele-danych-produkujemy-kazdego-dnia/4mn4w69 [12.11.2018].
Shen, George. 2013. Big Data, Analytics and Elections. [Online]. Analytics-magazine.org. Dostęp: http://analytics-magazine.org/big-data-analytics-and-elections/ [17.11.2018].
Silverman, Craig. 2016. This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook. [Online]. BuzzFeedNews. Dostęp: https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.elpwEEP2oo#.rrVvkk6oKK [18.04.2017].
Tani, Maxwell. 2016. Trump Campaign Is Using Same App ‘Leave’ Campaign Used During Brexit. [Online]. Business Insider. Dostęp: https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trumps-phoneapp-brexit-2016-11?IR=T [2.11.2018].
Wagner, Claudia, i in. 2016. When Social Bots Attack: Modeling Susceptibility of Users in Online Social Networks. [Online]. Ceur-ws.org. Dostęp: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-838 [2.12.2018].
Wirtualne Media. 2018. Andrzej Duda: nie było współpracy z Cambridge Analytica w mojej kampanii wyborczej, to fake news. [Online]. Wirtualne Media.pl. Dostęp: https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/andrzej-duda-nie-bylo-wspolpracy-z-cambridge-analytica-w-mojej-kampanii-wyborczej-to-fake-news [10.11.2018].
Bright, Jonathan. 2016. The Social News Gap: How News Reading and News Sharing Diverge. Journal of Communication, 3 (66), s. 343–365.
Chadwick, Andrew, i Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. 2016. Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns: Party Decline or Party Renewal? The International Journal of Press/Politics, 3 (21), s. 283–293.
Halevi, Gali. 2012. The Evolution of Big Data as a Research and Scientific Topic: Overview of the Literature. Research Trends, 30, s. 1–40.
Keller, Tobias R., i Klinger, Ulrike. 2019. Social Bots in Election Campaigns: Theoretical, Empirical, and Methodological Implications. Political Communication, 1 (36), s. 171–189.
Kreiss, Daniel, i McGregor, Shannon C. 2018. Technology Firms Shape Political Communication: The Work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with Campaigns During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Cycle. Political Communication, 2 (25), s. 155–177.
Lee, Jayeon, i Xu, Weiai. 2018. The More Attacks, the More Retweets: Trump’s and Clinton’s Agenda Setting on Twitter. Public Relations Review, 2 (44), s. 201–213.
Łódzki, Bartłomiej. 2017. „Fake news” – dezinformacja w mediach internetowych i formy jej zwalczania w przestrzeni międzynarodowej. Polityka i Społeczeństwo, 4 (15), s. 19–30.
Manan, Abdul, i Ahmed, Muqeem. 2018. Election Prediction Using Big Data Analytics: A Survey. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5 (7), s. 366–369.
Nickerson, David W., i Rogers, Tood. 2014. Political Campaigns and Big Data. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2 (28), s. 51–74.
Pawełczyk, Piotr, i Jakubowski, Jakub. 2017. Political Marketing in the Times of Big Data. Przegląd Politologiczny Kwartalnik – Political Science Review, 3, s. 34–44.
Procter, Rob, Vis, Farida, i Voss, Alex. 2013. Reading the Riots on Twitter: Methodological Innovation for the Analysis of Big Data. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3 (16), s. 197–214.
Rogers, Richard. 2013. Digital Methods. London: The MIT Press.
Schäfer, Fabian, Evert, Stefan, i Heinrich, Philipp. 2017. Japan’s 2014 General Election: Political Bots, Right-Wing Internet Activism, and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe’s Hidden Nationalist Agenda. Big Data, 4 (5), s. 294–309.
Sudhahar, Saatviga, Veltri, Giuseppe A., i Cristianini, Nello. 2015. Automated Analysis of the US Presidential Elections Using Big Data and Network Analysis. Big Data and Society, 1 (2), s. 1–28.
Netografia
Cadwalladr, Carole, Graham-Harrison, Emma, i Townsend, Mark. 2018. Revealed: Brexit Insider Claims Vote Leave Team May Have Breached Spending Limits. [Online]. The Guardian.com. Dostęp: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/24/brexit-whistleblower-cambridge-analytica-beleave-vote-leave-shahmir-sanni [10.11.2018].
Datafloq. 2013. Obama Changed the Political Campaign with Big Data. [Online]. DataFloq.com. Dostęp: https://datafloq.com/read/big-data-obama-campaign/516 [2.11.2018].
Datafloq. 2018. How Big Data Plays Important Role in Politics. [Online]. DataFloq.com. Dostęp: https://datafloq.com/read/how-big-data-plays-a-big-role-in-politics/4529 [15.10.2018].
Duhigg, Charles. 13.10.2012. Campaigns Mine Personal Lives to Get Out Vote. [Online]. The New York Times. Dostęp: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/us/politics/campaigns-mine-personallives-to-get-out-vote.html [16.11.2018].
Elliott, Timo. 2013. 7 Definitions of Big Data You Should Know About. [Online]. Digital Business and Business Analytics. Timo Elliott’s Blog. Dostęp: https://timoelliott.com/blog/2013/07/7-definitions-of-big-data-you-should-know-about.html [14.12.2017].
Firican, George. 2017. The 10 Vs of Big Data. Transforming Data with Intelligence. [Online]. Tdwi.org. Dostęp: https://tdwi.org/articles/2017/02/08/10-vs-of-big-data.aspx [15.11.2018].
Fried, Ina. 2016. Hillary Clinton is Launching a Game-Style Mobile App for Campaign Volunteers.[Online]. Recode. Dostęp: https://www.recode.net/2016/7/24/12266026/hillary-clinton-campaign-mobile-app [8.11.2018].
Funke, Daniel. 2018. Google Suspends Fact-Checking Feature over Quality Concerns. [Online]. Poynter.org. Dostęp: https://www.poynter.org/news/google-suspends-fact-checking-feature-over-quality-concerns [14.11.2018].
Gdak, Rafał. 2017. Google wyświetlał fake newsy w witrynach walczących z nimi. [Online]. Spidersweb.pl. Dostęp: https://www.spidersweb.pl/2017/10/fake-news-google.html [5.12.2017].
Grassegger, Hannes, i Krogerus, Mikael. 2017. The Data That Turned the World Upside Down. [Online]. Motherboard. Dostęp: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg9vvn/how-ourlikes-helped-trump-win [3.12.2018].
Hern, Alex. 18.03.2018. Breach Leaves Facebook Users Wondering: How Safe Is My Data. [Online]. The Guardian.com. Dostęp: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/18/breach-leavesfacebook-users-left-wondering-how-safe-is-my-data [10.11.2018].
Hunter, Fergus. 23.01.2017. Cambridge Analytica, the ‘Psychographic’ Data Firm Behind Donald Trump, Eyes Australian Move. [Online]. The Sydney Morning Herald. Dostęp: https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/cambridge-analytica-the-psychographic-data-firm-behind-donald-trump-eyes-australian-move-20161212-gt926e.html [1.12.2018].
Monbiot, George. 2017. Big Data’s Power Is Terrifying. That Could Be Good News for Democracy. [Online]. The Guardian.com. Dostęp: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/06/big-data-cambridge-analytica-democracy [15.12.2018].
Neudert, Lisa-Maria, Kollanyi, Bence, i Howard, Philip. 2017. Junk News and Bots During the German Parliamentary Election: What are German Voters Sharing over Twitter? [Online]. The Computational Propaganda Research Project. Dostęp: http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/09/ComProp_GermanElections_Sep2017v5.pdf [15.12.2018].
Patel, Pranay. 2018. Role of Big Data in US Presidential Election. [Online]. Researchgate.net. Dostęp: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325333423_ROLE_OF_BIG_DATA_IN_US_PRESIDENTIAL_ELECTION [15.12.2018].
Samsung. 2017. Jak wiele danych produkujemy każdego dnia? [Online]. Forbes.pl. Dostęp: https://www.forbes.pl/technologie/jak-wiele-danych-produkujemy-kazdego-dnia/4mn4w69 [12.11.2018].
Shen, George. 2013. Big Data, Analytics and Elections. [Online]. Analytics-magazine.org. Dostęp: http://analytics-magazine.org/big-data-analytics-and-elections/ [17.11.2018].
Silverman, Craig. 2016. This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook. [Online]. BuzzFeedNews. Dostęp: https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.elpwEEP2oo#.rrVvkk6oKK [18.04.2017].
Tani, Maxwell. 2016. Trump Campaign Is Using Same App ‘Leave’ Campaign Used During Brexit. [Online]. Business Insider. Dostęp: https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trumps-phoneapp-brexit-2016-11?IR=T [2.11.2018].
Wagner, Claudia, i in. 2016. When Social Bots Attack: Modeling Susceptibility of Users in Online Social Networks. [Online]. Ceur-ws.org. Dostęp: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-838 [2.12.2018].
Wirtualne Media. 2018. Andrzej Duda: nie było współpracy z Cambridge Analytica w mojej kampanii wyborczej, to fake news. [Online]. Wirtualne Media.pl. Dostęp: https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/andrzej-duda-nie-bylo-wspolpracy-z-cambridge-analytica-w-mojej-kampanii-wyborczej-to-fake-news [10.11.2018].
Łódzki, B. (2020). Rola big data w kampaniach wyborczych. Media - Kultura - Komunikacja Społeczna, 2(15), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.31648/mkks.5135
