The Need for Cognition and Emotional Intelligence in Individuals with High Academic Achievements
Agnieszka Żmuda
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Jana Pawła IIhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-9375
Andrzej E. Sękowski
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Jana Pawła IIhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-9375
Izabela Szymczak
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Jana Pawła IIhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7239-8383
Abstrakt
Aim
The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between the need for cognition (NFC) and emotional intelligence (EI) in people with high academic achievement.
Method
This research involved 207 undergraduate and PhD students who were divided into two groups: (1) students who received scholarships from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (currently the Ministry of Education and Science) in recognition of their scientific achievements, and (2) students who did not receive scholarships. The research tools were the Polish version of the Need for Cognition Scale (Cacciopo & Petty, 1982) developed by Matusz, Gąsiorowska and Traczyk (2011) and the Popular Emotional Intelligence
Questionnaire (Jaworowska & Matczak, 2005).
Results
The need for cognition and emotional intelligence were positively correlated in both groups. Further analyses indicated that high academic achievement does not moderate the relationship between NFC and EI.
Conclusion
The study demonstrated that the need for cognition increases with a rise in the ability to manage, use and understand emotions.
Słowa kluczowe:
need for cognition, emotional intelligence, high academic achievements, self-regulationBibliografia
Bar-On, R. (1997). EQ-i. BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory. A measure of emotional intelligence. User’s manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. Google Scholar
Brackett, M. A., Mayer, J. D., & Warner, R. M. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and its expression in everyday behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1387–1402. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00236-8.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Bertrams, A., & Dickhäuser, O. (2012). Passionate thinkers feel better: self-control capacity as mediator of the relationship between need for cognition and affective adjustment. Journal of Individual Differences, 33, 69–75. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000081.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116–131. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.116.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Kao, C. F. (1984). The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 306–307.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Cazan, A. M., & Indreicab, S. E. (2014). Need for cognition and approaches to learning among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 134–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.227.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Decety J. (2011). Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy. Emotion Review, 3, 92–108.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Doliński, D., & Błaszczak, W. (2011). Dynamika emocji. Teoria i praktyka. [The dynamics of emotions. Theory and practice]. Warszawa: PWN. Google Scholar
Dickhäuser, O., & Reinhard, M. A. (2010). How students build their performance expectancies: The importance of need for cognition. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 25, 399–409. DOI: 10.1007/s10212-010-0027-4.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Fleischhauer, M., Enge, S., Brocke, B., Ullrich, J., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2010). Same or different? Clarifying the relationship of need for cognition to personality and intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 82–96. DOI: 10.1177/0146167209351886.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (2002). Inteligencje wielorakie. Teoria w praktyce. [Multiple intelligences. Theory in practice]. Poznań: Media Rodzina. Google Scholar
Goleman, D. (1997). Inteligencja emocjonalna [Emotional intelligence]. Poznań: Media Rodzina. Google Scholar
Gollwitzer, P., & Moskowitz, G. (1996). Goal effect on action and cognition. In: E. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 361–399). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
Grass, J., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2017). Cognitive Investments in Academic Success: The Role of Need for Cognition at University. Frontier in Psychology, 8, 790–799. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00790.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Grzegorzewska, I. (2012). Emocje w procesie uczenia się i nauczania. [Emotions in the process of learning and teaching] . Teraźniejszość–Człowiek–Edukacja [Present–Man–Education], 1(57), 39–48. Google Scholar
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Hill, B. D., Foster, J. D., Elliott, E. M., Shelton, J. T., McCain, J., & Gouvier, W. D. (2013). Need for cognition is related to higher general intelligence, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence, but not working memory. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(1), 22–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.11.001.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Hill, B. D, Foster, J. D., Sofko, C., Elliott, E. M., & Shelton, J. T. (2016). The interaction of ability and motivation: Average working memory is required for Need for Cognition to positively benefit intelligence and the effect increases with ability. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 225–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.043.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Jaworowska, A., & Matczak, A. (2005). Popularny Kwestionariusz Inteligencji Emocjonalnej PKIE. Podręcznik. [The Popular Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire PKIE. Textbook]. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. Google Scholar
Jaworowska, A., & Matczak, A. (2008). Kwestionariusz Inteligencji Emocjonalnej INTE. Podręcznik. [Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire INTE. Textbook]. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. Google Scholar
Jebb, A. T., Saef, R., Parrigon, S., & Woo, S. E. (2016). The need for cognition: Key concepts, assessment, and role in educational outcomes. In: A. A. Lipnevich, F. Preckel & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), Psychosocial Skills and School Systems in the 21st Century (pp. 115–132). Google Scholar
Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_5.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Kliś, M. (2012). Adaptacyjna rola empatii w różnych sytuacjach życiowych. [Adaptive role of empathy in various life situations]. Horyzonty Psychologii [The Horizons of Psychology], 2, 147–171. Google Scholar
Knopp, K. (2020). Inteligencja emocjonalna dzieci i młodzieży a ich funkcjonowanie w relacjach z rówieśnikami. [Emotional intelligence of children and adolescents and their functioning in relations with peers]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio [The Fides et Ratio Scientific Quarterly], 44(4), 149–163. Google Scholar
Kossowska, M. (2003). Różnice indywidualne w potrzebie poznawczego domknięcia. [Individual differences in need of cognitive closure]. Przegląd Psychologiczny [The Review of Psychology], 46(4), 355–374. Google Scholar
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., & Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 641–658.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Luong, C, Strobel, A., Wollschläger, R., Greiff, S., Vainikainen, MP., & Preckel, F. (2017). Need for cognition in children and adolescents: Behavioral correlates and relations to academic achievement and potential. Learning and Individual Differences, 53, 103–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.019.
Crossref
Google Scholar
MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E. R., Double, K. S., & Bucich, M. (2019). Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146, 150–186. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000219.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Matczak, A. (2004). Temperament a inteligencja emocjonalna. [Temperament and emotional intelligence]. Psychologia, Etologia, Genetyka [Psychology, Ethology, Genetics], 10, 59–82. Google Scholar
Matczak, A., & Knopp, K. (2013). Znaczenie inteligencji emocjonalnej w funkcjonowaniu człowieka. [The importance of emotional intelligence in human functioning]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri. Google Scholar
Matczak, A., Piekarska, J., & Studniarek, E. (2005). Skala Inteligencji Emocjonalnej – Twarze (SIE-T). Podręcznik. [Emotional Intelligence Scale – Faces (SIET). Textbook]. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. Google Scholar
Matusz, P. J., Traczyk, J., & Gąsiorowska, A. (2011). Kwestionariusz Potrzeby Poznania – konstrukcja i weryfikacja empiryczna narzędzia mierzącego motywację poznawczą. [Questionnaire of the Need for Cognition – construction and empirical verification Google Scholar
of a tool measuring cognitive motivation]. Psychologia Społeczna [Social Psychology], 2(17), 113–128. Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1999). Czym jest inteligencja emocjonalna? [What is emotional intelligence?]. In: P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Rozwój emocjonalny a inteligencja emocjonalna: problemy edukacyjne [Emotional development and emotional intelligence: educational problems] (pp. 23–69). Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis. Google Scholar
Mendecka, G. (2012). Aktywność własna jako czynnik rozwoju wybitnych twórców. [Own activity as a factor in the development of outstanding artists]. Psychologia Rozwojowa [Developmental Psychology], 17(1), 65–76. Google Scholar
Modzelewski, P. (2017). Przejawy empatii a satysfakcja z bliskiego związku. Oddziaływania na podstawie społeczno-emocjonalnego uczenia się. [Symptoms of empathy and satisfaction from a close relationship. Interactions based on socio-emotional learning]. Google Scholar
Psychoseksuologia [Psychosexology], 1(3), 68–78. Google Scholar
Orzechowski, J., & Śmieja, M. (2008). Inteligencja emocjonalna. Fakty, mity kontrowersje. [Emotional intelligence. Facts, myths, controversies]. In: J. Orzechowski & M. Śmieja (Eds.), Inteligencja emocjonalna. Fakty, mity kontrowersje [Emotional intelligence. Google Scholar
Facts, myths, controversies] (pp. 19–46). Warszawa: PWN. Google Scholar
Padgett, R. D., Goodman, K. M., Johnson, M. P., Saichaie, K., Umbach, P. D., & Pascarella, E. T. (2010). The impact of college student socialization, social class, and race on need for cognition. New Direction for Institutional Research, 145, 99–111. DOI: 10.1002/ir.324.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341. DOI: 10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Petty, R. E., Brińol P., Loersch, C., & McCaslin, M. (2009). The Need for Cognition. In: M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior (pp. 318–329). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
Petty, R. E., & Jarvis, W. (1996). The need to evaluate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 172–194.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185–211.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Pozytywna psychologia inteligencji emocjonalnej. [Positive psychology of emotional intelligence]. In: J. Czapiński (Eds.), Psychologia pozytywna [Positive psychology] (pp. 380–398). Warszawa: PWN. Google Scholar
Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Berrios Martos, & M. P., Extremera, N. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance in Secondary Education: A Multi-Stream Comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1517. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01517.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Sękowski, A. E. (2010). Osiągnięcia człowieka w perspektywie psychologii zdolności. [Human achievements in the perspective of psychology of abilities]. In: A. E. Sękowski & W. Klinkosz (Eds.), Zdolności człowieka w perspektywie współczesnej psychologii Google Scholar
[Human abilities in the perspective of contemporary psychology] (pp. 83–93). Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL. Google Scholar
Soubelet, A., & Salthouse, T. A. (2017). Does need for cognition have the same meaning at different ages?. Assessment, 24(8), 987–998. DOI: 10.1177/1073191116636449.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Stańczak, M. A. (2009). Zaspokajanie potrzeb ucznia zdolnego w szkole. [Satisfying the needs of a gifted student at school]. Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego. Google Scholar
Strobel, A., Behnke, A., Gärtner, A., & Strobel, A. (2019). The interplay of intelligence and need for cognition in predicting school grades: A retrospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 144, 147–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.041.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Szczygieł, D., & Jasielska, A. (2008). Czy z wiekiem stajemy się bardziej inteligentni emocjonalnie? Przetwarzanie informacji o emocjach w wieku młodzieńczym i średniej dorosłości. [Do we get more emotionally intelligent as we age? Processing information Google Scholar
about emotions in adolescence and middle adulthood]. Psychologia Rozwojowa [Developmental Psychology], 13(1), 85–99. Google Scholar
Śmieja, M. (2018). W związku z inteligencją emocjonalną. Rola inteligencji emocjonalnej w relacjach społecznych i związkach intymnych. [In connection with emotional intelligence. The role of emotional intelligence in social and intimate relationships]. Kraków: Google Scholar
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Google Scholar
Taracha, M. (2010). Inteligencja emocjonalna a wykorzystanie potencjału intelektualnego. [Emotional intelligence and the use of intellectual potential]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS. Google Scholar
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Jana Pawła II
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-9375
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Jana Pawła II
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-9375
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Jana Pawła II
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7239-8383
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.