Perfekcjonizm w teorii i badaniach
Karolina Kwarcińska
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołecznyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-7142
Katarzyna Sanna
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołecznyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-1830
Anna Kamza
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołecznyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0403-8079
Konrad Piotrowski
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołecznyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-510X
Abstrakt
Cel
Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat perfekcjonizmu – względnie stałej tendencji do stawiania sobie lub innym nierealistycznych oczekiwań. W artykule dokonano przeglądu prowadzonych w ostatnich latach badań oraz zaprezentowano ewolucję poglądów na rozwój i znaczenie perfekcjonizmu dla przystosowania jednostki.
Tezy
Wiedza na temat perfekcjonizmu ciągle się poszerza, co sprawia, że konieczne jest opisanie historii badań nad tym zjawiskiem, ewolucji sposobów myślenia i powstałych na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad modeli teoretycznych. W literaturze polskiej jest stosunkowo mało publikacji na ten temat, a prezentowany artykuł ma na celu przynajmniej częściowe wypełnienie tej luki. W rozważaniach prezentujemy również wyniki badań nad związkiem perfekcjonizmu z ważnymi dla funkcjonowania człowieka obszarami, takimi jak zdrowie, praca czy relacje interpersonalne, oraz wskazujemy na czynniki związane z rozwojem tej charakterystyki. Prezentujemy także najpopularniejsze narzędzia do pomiaru perfekcjonizmu.
Konkluzja
Perfekcjonizm, początkowo postrzegany jako dyspozycja jednoznacznie negatywna i traktowana jako predyktor psychopatologii, w świetle prowadzonych w ostatnich latach badań powinien być traktowany jako złożona charakterystyka osobowościowa, która manifestuje się na różne sposoby, w tym również pozytywne i adaptacyjne.
Słowa kluczowe:
modele perfekcjonizmu, badania nad perfekcjonizmem, perfekcjonistyczne dążenia, perfekcjonistyczne obawy, pomiar perfekcjonizmuBibliografia
Akram, U., Ellis, J. G., Barclay, N. L. (2015). Anxiety Mediates the Relationship between Perfectionism and Insomnia Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study. PLOS ONE, 10(10). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138865 Google Scholar
Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G., Martin, J. L. (2006). Perfectionism, Shame, and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84, 148–156. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00390.x Google Scholar
Atala, K., Baxter, R. (1989). Suicidal adolescents. Postgraduate Medicine, 86, 223–230. Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1967). Child Care Practices Anteceding Three Patterns of Preschool Behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88. Google Scholar
Blatt, S. J. (1995). The Destructiveness of Perfectionism – Implications for the Treatment of Depression. American Psychologist, 12, 1003–1020. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.50.12.1003 Google Scholar
Broday, S. F. (1988). Perfectionism and Millon Basic Personality Pattern. Psychological Reports, 63, 791–794. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.791 Google Scholar
Bulik, C. M., Tozzi, F., Anderson, C., Mazzeo, S. E., Aggen, S., Sullivan, P. F. (2003). The Relation Between Eating Disorders and Components of Perfectionism. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 366–368. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.366 Google Scholar
Burns, D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 11, 34–52. Google Scholar
Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., Clara, I. P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 365–373. DOI: 10.1037//1040-3590.14.3.365 Google Scholar
Curran, T., Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism Is Increasing Over Time: A Meta-Analysis of Birth Cohort Differences From 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 14, 410–429. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000138 Google Scholar
Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., Băban, A. (2013). On the development of perfectionism in adolescence: perceived parental expectations predict longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 688–693. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.021 Google Scholar
Domocus, J., Damian, L. (2018). The role of parents and teachers in changing adolescents’ perfectionism: A short-term longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 244–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.012 Google Scholar
Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Berg, J. L. (2012). Perfectionism Dimensions and the Five-factor Model of Personality. European Journal of Personality, 26, 233–244. DOI: 10.1002/per.829 Google Scholar
Dunn, J. G. H., Dunn, J. C., Gotwals, J. K., Vallance, J. K. H., Craft, J. M., Syrotuik, D. G. (2006). Establishing construct validity evidence for the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 57–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.003 Google Scholar
Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Sareen, J., Freeman, P. (2001). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in medical students: A longitudinal investigation. Medical Education, 35(11), 1034–1042. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.01044.x Google Scholar
Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of Perfectionism, Unconditional Self-Acceptance, and Depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(2), 119–138. DOI: 10.1023/A:1025051431957 Google Scholar
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. W: G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt (red.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research and Assessment (s. 5–31). Washington: American PsychologicalAssociation. DOI: 10.1037/10458-001 Google Scholar
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Dyck, D. G. (1989). Self-oriented perfectionism, neuroticism and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 731–735. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90119-0 Google Scholar
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., Macdonald, S. (2002a). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. W: G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt (red.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research and Assessment (s. 89–132). Washington: American Psychological Association. DOI: 10.1037/10458-004 Google Scholar
Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism. W: F. M. Sirois, D. S. Molnar (red.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (s. 121–155). New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_6 Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119–126. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2 Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., Rosenblate, R. (1990). The Dimensions of Perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. Google Scholar
Habke, A. M., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1999). Perfectionism and sexual satisfaction in intimate relationships. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21(4), 307–322. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022168715349 Google Scholar
Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Encounters with the self. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Google Scholar
Haring, M., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (2003). Perfectionism, Coping, and Quality of Intimate Relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 143–158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00143.x Google Scholar
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1990). Perfectionism and depression: a multidimensional analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 98–101. Google Scholar
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the Self and Social Contexts: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Association With Psychopathology. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5(5), 423–438. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456 Google Scholar
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (2007). When does conscientiousness become perfectionism? Currrent Psychiatry, 6(7), 49–60. Google Scholar
Hewitt, P. L., Habke, A. M., Lee-Baggley, D. L., Sherry, S. B., Flett, G. L. (2008). The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive, affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71, 93–122. DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.93 Google Scholar
Hill, A. P., Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: a meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 269–288. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/wzber Google Scholar
Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth: the struggle toward self-realization. New York: W. W. Norton. Google Scholar
Hornowska, E., Paluchowski, W. J. (2007). Praca – skrywana obsesja. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Google Scholar
Iranzo-Tatay, C., Gimeno-Clemente, N., Barberá-Fons, M., Rodriguez-Campayo, M. Á., Rojo-Bofill, L., Livianos-Aldana, L., Beato-Fernandez, L., Vaz-Leal, F., Rojo-Moreno, L. (2015). Genetic and environmental contributions to perfectionism and its common factors. Psychiatry Research, 230, 932–939. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.020 Google Scholar
Kamakura, T., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Maekawa, H. (2003). A Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Psychological Traits of Eating Disorders in a Japanese Female Sample. Twin Research, 6(4), 292–296. DOI: 10.1375/136905203322296647 Google Scholar
Klibert, J., Lamis, D. A., Naufel, K., Yancey, C. T., Lohr, S. (2015). Associations Between Perfectionism and Generalized Anxiety: Examining Cognitive Schemas and Gender. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33, 160–178. DOI: 10.1007/s10942-015-0208-9 Google Scholar
Lilenfeld, L. R. R. (2011). Personality and Temperament. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 6, 3–16. DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_86 Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 420–430. DOI: 10.1177/1745691610375557 Google Scholar
Maslach, C., Leiter, M. P. (2017). Understanding burnout: New models. W: C. L. Cooper, J. C. Quick (red.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice (s. 36–56). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. (2005). Osobowość dorosłego człowieka. Perspektywa teorii pięcioczynnikowej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. Google Scholar
Morris, L., Lomax, C. (2014). Review: Assessment, development, and treatment of childhood perfectionism: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19, 225–234. DOI: 10.1111/camh.12067 Google Scholar
Neumeister, K. L. S. (2004). Factors Influencing the Development of Perfectionism in Gifted College Students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(4), 259–274. DOI: 10.1177/001698620404800402 Google Scholar
Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386–390. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386 Google Scholar
Piotrowski, K. (2019). Perfectionism and Identity Process in Two Domains: Mediational Roles of Worry, Rumination, Indecisiveness, Shame, and Guilt. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01864 Google Scholar
Piotrowski, K. (2020). How Good It Would Be to Turn Back Time: Adult Attachment and Perfectionism in Mothers and Their Relationships with the Processes of Parental Identity Formation. Psychologica Belgica, 60(1), 55–72. DOI: 10.5334/pb.492 Google Scholar
Piotrowski, K. (2020a). Child-oriented and partner-oriented perfectionism explain different aspects of family difficulties. PLOS ONE, 15(8), 1–19. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236870 Google Scholar
Piotrowski, K., Bojanowska, A. (2019). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Polish adaptation of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2754–2763. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00198-w Google Scholar
Quadland, M. C. (1980). Private Self-consciousness, Attribution of Responsibility, and Perfectionistic Thinking in Secondary Erectile Dysfunction. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 6, 47–55. DOI: 10.1080/00926238008404245 Google Scholar
Shea. A. J., Slaney, R. B. (1999). The Dyadic Almost Perfect Scale. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Google Scholar
Smith, M., Sherry, S. B., Rnic, K., Saklofske, D. H., Enns, M., Gralnick, T. (2016). Are perfectionism dimensions vulnerability factors for depressive symptoms after controlling for neuroticism? A meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 201–212. DOI: 10.1002/per.2053 Google Scholar
Stoeber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(4), 481–491. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00207-9 Google Scholar
Stoeber, J. (2012). Dyadic perfectionism in romantic relationships: predicting relationship satisfaction and longterm commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 300–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.002 Google Scholar
Stoeber, J. (2016). Comparing Two Short Forms of the Hewitt–Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Sage Journals, 25(5), 578–588. DOI: 10.1177/1073191116659740 Google Scholar
Stoeber, J. (2018). The psychology of perfectionism: critical issues, open questions, and future directions. W: J. Stoeber (red.), The psychology of perfectionism: theory, research, applications (s. 333–352). London: Routledge. Google Scholar
Stoeber, J., Childs, J. H. (2011). Perfectionism. W: R. J. Levesque (red.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (s. 2053–2059). New York: Springer. Google Scholar
Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E. (2016). Perfectionism in Employees: Work Engagement, Workaholism, and Burnout. W: F. M. Sirois, D. S. Molnar (red.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (s. 265–283). New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_12 Google Scholar
Stoeber, J., Eismann, U. (2007). Perfectionism in young musicians: Relations with motivation, effort, achievement, and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2182–2192. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.036 Google Scholar
Stoeber, J., Otto, K. (2006). Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2. Google Scholar
Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Dalbert, C. (2009). Perfectionism and the Big Five: Conscientiousness predicts longitudinal increases in self-oriented perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 363–368. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.004 Google Scholar
Tozzi, F., Aggen, S. H., Neale, B. M., Anderson, Ch. B., Mazzeo, S. E., Neale, M. C., Bulik, C. M. (2004). The Structure of Perfectionism: A Twin Study. Behavior Genetics, 34(5), 483–494. DOI: 10.1023/B:BEGE.0000038486.47219.76 Google Scholar
Wade, T. D., Bulik, C. M. 2007. Shared genetic and environmental risk factors between undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluation and dimensions of perfectionism. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 635–644. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291706009603 Google Scholar
Wang, K. T. (2010). The Family Almost Perfect Scale: Development, Psychometric Properties, and Comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1, 186–199. DOI: 10.1037/a0020732 Google Scholar
Weisinger, H., Lobsenz, N. M. (1981). Nobody’s perfect: How to give criticism and get results. New York: Warne. Google Scholar
Weissman, A., Beck, A. (1978). Dysfunctional Attitude Scale DAS. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: a preliminary investigation. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 62, Toronto, Canada, 1–33. Google Scholar
Żechowski, C. (2008). Polska wersja Kwestionariusza Zaburzeń Odżywiania. Psychiatria Polska, 42(2), 179–193. Google Scholar
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-7142
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-1830
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0403-8079
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-510X
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.