Worry and stress coping strategies among youth: the mediating role of psychological resilience

Elżbieta Talik

Chair of Clinical Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7320-6630


Abstrakt

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between worry and stress coping strategies used by young people.

Method

The study involved 404 individuals aged 15–20 years (M = 18.23, SD = 1.29). In order to assess worry, we used the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children (PSWQ-C) by  Chorpita. Psychological resilience was measured with the Polish SPP-18 scale by Ogińska-Bulik and Juczyński, and stress coping was assessed by means of the “How do you cope?” Scale (JSR) by Juczyński and Ogińska-Bulik.

Results

The results obtained suggest that resilience is a significant predictor of a correlation between worry and stress coping strategies, where mediation takes the form of suppression in relation to the strategies of active coping and social support seeking; for the emotion-focused strategy a partial mediation is observed.

Conclusion

Psychological resilience mediates the correlation between worry and stress coping, but the nature of this mediation is complex, and it varies depending on different coping strategies.


Słowa kluczowe:

worry, psychological resilience, coping strategies, mediation analysis, suppression


Amjad, F., & Bokharey, I. Z. (2014). The impact of spiritual wellbeing and coping strategies on patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(1), 21–38. DOI: 10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0008.102.   Google Scholar

Ariadna (2022). National Research Panel. Retrieved from https://panelariadna.pl/.   Google Scholar

Baykan, H., & Yargic, I. (2012). Depression, anxiety disorders, quality of life and stress coping strategies in hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni/ Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(2), 167–176. DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20120412022430.   Google Scholar

Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions and origins of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying. Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 5–33). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.   Google Scholar

Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 561–576. DOI: 10.1023/A:1018790003416.   Google Scholar

Bulik, N. O., & Zadworna-Cieślak, M. (2014).The role of resiliency in coping with stress related to maturity examination. Przegląd Badań Edukacyjnych [Educational Studies Review], 2(19), 7‒24. DOI: 10.12775/PBE.2014.019.   Google Scholar

Chen, J., Johnstone, K. M., & Kemps, E. (2022). A randomised controlled trial evaluating two universal prevention programs for children: Building resilience to manage worry. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 437–446. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.079.   Google Scholar

Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children. PsycTESTS. DOI: 10.1037/t13659-000.   Google Scholar

Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2010). Co się kryje w nieistotnych efektach statystycznych? Możliwści zastosowania analizy supresji w psychologii społecznej [What’s hidden in nonsignificant statistical effects? Suppression analysis in social sciences]. Psychologia Społeczna [Social Psychology], 2‒3(14), 191–198.   Google Scholar

Constans, J. I., Mathews, A., Brantley, P. J., & James, T. (1999). Attentional reactions to an MI: The impact of mood state, worry, and coping style. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46(5), 415–423. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(99)00016-1.   Google Scholar

Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Worrying, social problem-solving abilities, and social problem-solving confidence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(3), 327–330. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90130-9.   Google Scholar

Davey, G. C., & Tallis, F. (Eds.). (1994). Worrying. Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.   Google Scholar

de Matos, M. G., Camacho, I., Reis, M., Costa, D., & Galvão, D. (2016). Worries, coping strategies and well-being in adolescence: Highlights from HBSC study in Portugal. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 11(3), 274–280. DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2016.1220655.   Google Scholar

Dryhinicz, M., & Rzepa, T. (2018). Poziom lęku, akceptacja choroby i radzenie sobie ze stresem przez pacjentki onkologiczne i nieonkologiczne [The Level of Anxiety, Acceptance of Disease and Strategy of Coping with Stress in Patients Oncological and Non-oncological]. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio J. Paedagogia-Psychologia, 31(1), 7‒21. DOI: 10.17951/j.2018.31.1.7-21.   Google Scholar

Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (2000). The dynamics of a stressful encounter. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Motivational science: Social and personality perspectives (pp. 111–127). Philadelphia, Pa: Psychology Press.   Google Scholar

Gana, K., Martin, B., & Canouet, M.-D. (2001). Worry and anxiety: Is there a causal relationship? Psychopathology, 34(5), 221–229. DOI: 10.1159/000049314.   Google Scholar

Gierus, J., Mosiołek, A., & Szulc, A. (2018). Nie tylko „nerwica”. Poziom patologicznego zamartwiania i objawy lęku uogólnionego w populacji a skala zgłoszeń do lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej. Które zjawisko wyjaśnia więcej? [Not only ‟neurosis”. The level of reported pathologicalworry versus reported generalized anxiety sympthoms, andprimary care consultations. Which phenomenon is moreinformative?]. Psychiatria [Psychiatry], 15(1), 1‒6.   Google Scholar

Golędzinowska, M., Sawicka, M., & Żochowska, A. (2018). Worrying in people with schizophrenia. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii [Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology], 27(1), 3–14. DOI: 10.5114/ppn.2018.74324.   Google Scholar

Groves, D., Clark, L. H., & Clark, G. I. (2020). The relationship between worry and intolerance of uncertainty subtypes. Australian Psychologist, 55(2), 132–142. DOI: 10.1111/ap.12421.   Google Scholar

Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. DOI: 10.1080/03637750903310360.   Google Scholar

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100.   Google Scholar

Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: Third Edition: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved from https://www.guilford.com/books/Introduction-to-Mediation-Moderation-and-Conditional-Process-Analysis/Andrew-Hayes/9781462549030.   Google Scholar

Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470. DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12028.   Google Scholar

Heszen-Niejodek, I. (2004). Styl radzenia sobie ze stresem jako indywidualna zmienna wpływająca na funkcjonowanie w sytuacji stresowej [Style of coping with stress as an individual variable affecting functioning in a stressful situation]. In J. Strelau (Ed.), Osobowość a ekstremalny stres [Personality and extremal stress] (pp. 238–263). Gdańsk: GWP.   Google Scholar

Janowski, K. (2011).Tendency to worry in the elderly. In S. Steuden & K. Janowski (Eds.), Aging with dignity (pp. 231–240). Lublin: Publishing house KUL.   Google Scholar

Janowski, K., Kaczmarek, Ł., Kossowska, M., & Niedbał, K. (2009). Skłonność do martwienia się a wykonywanie testu Stroopa przez kobiety [Tendency to worry and the performance of the Stroop test by women]. Psychiatria Polska [Polish Psychiatry], XLIII(1), 41–51.   Google Scholar

Juczyński, Z., & Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2009). NPSR ‒ Narzędzia Pomiaru Stresu i Radzenia Sobie ze Stresem [NPSR ‒ Stress Measurement and Coping Tools]. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP [Laboratory of Psychological Tests PTP]. Retrieved from https://www.practest.com.pl/npsr-narz%C4%99dzia-pomiaru-stresu-i-radzenia-sobie-ze-stresem.   Google Scholar

Kertz, S. J., Stevens, K. T., McHugh, R. K., & Björgvinsson, T. (2015). Distress intolerance and worry: The mediating role of cognitive variables. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 28(4), 408–424. DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.974571.   Google Scholar

Konaszewski, K., & Kwadrans, Ł. (2017). Prężność psychiczna a wsparcie społeczne w grupie młodzieży nieprzystosowanej. Badania pilotażowe [Psychological resilience and social support in a group of maladjusted youth. Pilot studies]. Resocjalizacja Polska [Polish Journal of Social Rehabilitation], 13, 163–173. DOI: 10.22432/pjsr2017.13.11.   Google Scholar

Levy, S., & Guttman, L. (1985). Worry, fear, and concern differentiated. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 7(1–4), 251–264. DOI: 10.3109/01612848509009457.   Google Scholar

Messman, B. A., Rafiuddin, H. S., Slavish, D. C., Weiss, N. H., & Contractor, A. A. (2022). Examination of daily-level associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and COVID-19 worries. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(3), 497–506. DOI: 10.1037/tra0001170.   Google Scholar

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6.   Google Scholar

Nitschke, J. B., Heller, W., Imig, J. C., McDonald, R. P., & Miller, G. A. (2001). Distinguishing dimensions of anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(1), 1–22. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026485530405.   Google Scholar

Nowakowski, K., & Wróbel, K. (2021). Psychopathic traits, psychological resilience and coping with stress in socially maladjusted youth. Polish Psychiatry, 55(5), 1157–1167. DOI: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/118139.   Google Scholar

Oathes, D. J., Bruce, J. M., & Nitschke, J. B. (2008). Worry facilitates corticospinal motor response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depression and Anxiety, 25(11), 969–976. DOI: 10.1002/da.20445.   Google Scholar

Ogińska-Bulik, N., & Juczyński, Z. (2011). Prężność u dzieci i młodzieży charakterystyka i pomiar ‒ Polska skala SPP-18 [Resiliency in children and adolescents: characteristics and measurement ‒ Polish scale SPP-18]. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne [Polish Psychological Forum], XVI(1), 7–28.   Google Scholar

Ojala, M. (2012). Regulating worry, promoting hope: How do children, adolescents, and young adults cope with climate change? International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 7(4), 537–561.   Google Scholar

Olszewski, K., Talik, E., & Oleś, M. (2016). Martwienie się młodzieży w okresie dorastania a percepcja postaw rodzicielskich [Young people’s worrying during adolescence and the perception of parental attitudes]. Psychologia Rozwojowa [Developmental Psychology], 21(3), 89-103. DOI: 10.4467/20843879PR.16.018.5529.   Google Scholar

O’Neill, G. W. (1985). Is worry a valuable concept? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(4), 479–480. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(85)90177-9.   Google Scholar

Pestle, S. L., Chorpita, B. F., & Schiffman, J. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children in a large clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 465–471. DOI: 10.1080/15374410801955896.   Google Scholar

Pigati, P. A. da S., Righetti, R. F., Nisiaymamoto, B. T. C., Saraiva-Romanholo, B. M., & Tibério, I. de F. L. C. (2022). Resilience and its impact on the mental health of physiotherapists during the COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Affective Disorders, 310, 422–428. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.049.   Google Scholar

Portillo-Reyes, V., Capps, J. W., Loya-Mèndez, Y., Reyes-Leal, G., & Quiñones-Soto, J. (2022). Daily stress and coping strategies: Relationships with anxiety and resilience in preadolescents from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 41(4), 1881–1891. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00682-8.   Google Scholar

Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185–227. DOI: 10.1080/00273170701341316.   Google Scholar

Ramos-Lira, L., Rafful, C., Flores-Celis, K., Mora Ríos, J., García-Andrade, C., Rascón Gasca, M. L., Bautista Aguilar, N., & Cervantes Muñoz, C. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in adult Mexican population during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory study by sex. Salud Mental, 43(6), 243–251. DOI: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2020.034.   Google Scholar

Scotta, A. V., Cortez, M. V., & Miranda, A. R. (2021). Insomnia is associated with worry, cognitive avoidance and low academic engagement in argentinian university students during the covid-19 social isolation. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(1), 199‒214. DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1869796.   Google Scholar

Sebri, V., Cincidda, C., Savioni, L., Ongaro, G., & Pravettoni, G. (2021). Worry during the initial height of the COVID-19 crisis in an italian sample. Journal of General Psychology, 148(3), 327‒359. DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2021.1878485.   Google Scholar

Sęk, H., & Cieślak, R. (Eds.). (2017). Wsparcie społeczne stres i zdrowie [Social support, stress and health]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved from https://www.profinfo.pl/sklep/wsparcie-spoleczne-stres-i-zdrowie,64430.html.   Google Scholar

Solarz, A. & Janowski, K. (2013). Skłonność do martwienia się, przekonania o martwieniu się a osobowość – analiza wzajemnych zależności i różnic płciowych [Tendency to worry, beliefs about worry and personality ‒ analysis of interdependencies and gender differences]. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii [Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology], 22(2), 103–112.   Google Scholar

Sugiura, T., Sugiura, Y., & Tanno, Y. (2013). Relationships among refraining from catastrophic thinking, worrying, and metacognitive beliefs. Psychological Reports, 113(1), 1–14. DOI: 10.2466/02.09.PR0.113x14z3.   Google Scholar

Talik, E. (2022). Zjawisko martwienia się u dzieci i młodzieży ‒ przegląd koncepcji i badań [The phenomenon of worrying in children and adolescents ‒ a review of concepts and research]. In A. Kulik & E. Talik (Eds.), Konteksty psychosomatyki i psychologii klinicznej w biegu życia. Pamięci Profesora Leszka Szewczyka [Contexts of psychosomatics and clinical psychology in the course of life. In memory of Professor Leszek Szewczyk] (pp. 187–200). Lublin: TN KUL.   Google Scholar

Talik, E. & Król, K. (2014). Lęk szkolny a strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem u dzieci. Moderująca rola uogólnionego poczucia własnej skuteczności [School anxiety and stress coping strategies in children. The moderating role of generalized self-efficacy]. Psychologia Rozwojowa [Developmental Psychology], 19(3). Retrieved from: http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-issn-2084-3879-year-2014-volume-19-issue-3-article-5466.   Google Scholar

Talik, E. & Szewczyk, L. (2010). Wybrane zasoby osobiste a strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem u nastolatków [Selected personal resources and strategies of coping with stress in teenagers]. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne [Polish Psychological Forum], 2(XV), 154–168.   Google Scholar

Tallis, F., Eysenck, M. W., & Mathews, A. (1991). Worry: A critical analysis of some theoretical approaches. Anxiety Research, 4(2), 97–108. DOI: 10.1080/08917779108248767.   Google Scholar

Trzeciecka, M. (2021). Poczucie własnej skuteczności w grupie późnych adolescentów w kontekście prężności psychicznej i stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem [Self-efficacy in a group of late adolescents in the context of mental resilience and styles of coping with stress]. Retrieved from: https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/282679.   Google Scholar

Wyszogrodzka, M., & Woźniak-Prus, M. (2020). Inteligencja emocjonalna i wsparcie społeczne a prężność u nastolatków w okresie wczesnej adolescencji [Emotional intelligence and social support versus resilience in adolescents in early adolescence]. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne [Polish Psychological Forum], XXV(4), 431–449.   Google Scholar

Zalewska, O. (2021). Subiektywna jakość życia dzieci a skłonność do martwienia się i poczucie własnej wartości [The subjective quality of life of children and the tendency to worry and self-esteem]. Studia Paradyskie [Paradyskie Studies], 31, 369–386.   Google Scholar

Zebb, B. J., & Beck, J. G. (1998). Worry versus anxiety: Is there really a difference? Behavior Modification, 22(1), 45–61. DOI: 10.1177/01454455980221003.   Google Scholar


Opublikowane
2022-12-29

Cited By /
Share

Talik, E. (2022). Worry and stress coping strategies among youth: the mediating role of psychological resilience. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 65(3), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.8804

Elżbieta Talik 
Chair of Clinical Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7320-6630