Selected aspects of the functioning of prospective memory in people with chronic respiratory diseases
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The efficiency of the respiratory system determines the good physical condition of man and proper functioning of the brain. Respiratory failure is associated with the processes of physiological aging of the body or chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Limiting oxygen transport to the brain directly reduces mental fitness. Prospective memory (PM) is a set of processes or abilities enabling the formulation of goals and intentions, storing them and achieving them in the future. The main purpose of the research was to determine the general characteristics of PM functioning in people with selected respiratory diseases. It was assumed that the type of disease and the degree of respiratory failure affect mental functions.
METHOD:
116 adults took part in the studies (average age = 52.4 years; SD = 6.41) with diagnosed bronchial asthma (EXP2: N = 30) and COPU (Exp1: N = 32) and people from control groups - patients with patients with allergic rhinitis (KO1: N = 27) and healthy people (KO2: N = 27). No statistically significant inter -group differences were found in terms of education and the age of the examined persons. The following methods were used: The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (Campromt), Prospective and Remettive Memory Questionnaire, Rey-Osterrieth Figure Test, repetition of numbers with WAiS-R, Wais-R numbers, point combination test and Beck's depression inventory.
RESULTS:
People with COPD, compared to control groups and Exp2, obtained lower results in virtually all tests examining cognitive functioning, including in PM (Camprompt F (3.112) = 38.55; p <0.001). It has been shown that the level of respiratory efficiency is the strongest predictor of PM dysfunction in patients with COPD (beta = 0.56; p <0.001) and with EXP2 (beta = 0.84; p <0.001).
CONCLUSION:
Respiratory failure carries the risk of serious cognitive disorders that are associated with respiratory indicators. Patients with diagnosed asthma or COPD are required to actively participate in therapy, including predicting situations that can lead to so -called exacerbations. However, the results obtained suggest that people from the COPD may not cope with the therapeutic requirements imposed on them.
Keywords:
prospective memory, respiratory failure, copd, asthma, cognitive functionsReferences
Agustí, A., Celli, B. R., Criner, G. J., Halpin, D., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P., Bourbeau, J., Han, M. K., Martinez, F. J., Montes de Oca, M., Mortimer, K., Papi, A., Pavord, I., Roche, N., Salvi, S., Sin, D. D., Singh, D., Stockley, R., López Varela, M. V., […] Vogelmeier, C. F. (2023). Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary. The European Respiratory Journal, 61(4), artykuł 2300239. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00239-2023
Crossref
Google Scholar
Alqahtani, J. S., Oyelade, T., Aldhahir, A. M., Alghamdi, S. M., Almehmadi, M., Alqahtani, A. S., Quaderi, S., Mandal, S., Hurst, J. R. (2020). Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0233147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233147
Crossref
Google Scholar
Alqahtani, J. S., Oyelade, T., Aldhahir, A. M., Mendes, R. G., Alghamdi, S. M., Miravitlles, M., Mandal, S., Hurst, J. R. (2021). Reduction in hospitalised COPD exacerbations during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(8), e0255659. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255659
Crossref
Google Scholar
Altgassen, M., Henry, J. D., Bürgler, S., Kliegel, M. (2011). The influence of emotional target cues on prospective memory performance in depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(8), 910–916.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Anstey, K. J., Windsor, T. D., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B. (2004). Association of pulmonary function with cognitive performance in early, middle and late adulthood. Gerontology, 50(4), 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1159/000078352
Crossref
Google Scholar
Bender, B. (2005). Cognitive effects of allergic rhinitis and its treatment. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 25(2), 301‒312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2005.03.002
Crossref
Google Scholar
Biechowska, D., Witkowska, M., Jodzio, K. (2009). Neuropsychologiczna charakterystyka zaburzeń pamięci i uwagi w wybranych chorobach wewnętrznych. Studia Psychologiczne, 47(4), 21–35. Google Scholar
Borak, J., Sliwiński, P., Tobiasz, M., Górecka, D., Zieliński, J. (1996). Psychological status of COPD patients before and after one year of long–term oxygen therapy. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 51(1), 7–11. Google Scholar
Brunette, A. M., Warner, K., Holm, K. E., Meschede, K., Wamboldt, F. S., Kozora, E., Moser, D. J., Make, B. J., Crapo, J. D., Moreau, K. L., Weinberger, H. D., Bowler, R., Hoth, K. F. (2021). Daily Activities: The Impact of COPD and Cognitive Dysfunction. Archives of clinical neuropsychology: the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 36(5), 767‒779. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa090
Crossref
Google Scholar
Brzeziński, J. (2000). Badania eksperymentalne w psychologii i pedagogice. Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR. Google Scholar
Brzeziński, J., Gaul, M., Hornowska, E., Jaworowska, A., Machowski, A., Zakrzewska, M. (2011). Skala Inteligencji Wechslera dla Dorosłych. Wersja zrewidowana – renormalizacja WAIS-R(PL). Podręcznik. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. Google Scholar
Burgess, P. W., Dumontheil, I., Gilbert, S. J., Okuda, J., Schölvinck, M. L., Simons, J. S. (2008). On the role of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) in prospective memory. W: M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel i G. O. Einstein (red.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (s. 235–260). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
Chazan, R. (2005). Astma oskrzelowa. W: R. Chazan (red.), Pneumonologia praktyczna (s. 275–309). α–medica press. Google Scholar
Corsonello, A., Pedone, C., Incalzi, R. A. (2007). Clinical and prognostic implications of cognitive dysfunction and depression in COPD. Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, 3(2), 107–115.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Crews, W. D., Jefferson, A. L., Bolduc, T., Elliott, J. B., Ferro, N. M., Broshek, D. K., Barth, J. T., Robbins, M. K. (2001). Neuropsychological dysfunction in patients suffering from 16(7), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(00)00075-5
Crossref
Google Scholar
Czapiński, J. (1992). Psychologia szczęścia. Akademos. Google Scholar
Da Silva Coelho, C., Zuber, S., Künzi, M., Joly-Burra, E., Kliegel, M. (2023). The relationship between depressive symptoms, metamemory, and prospective memory in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 45(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2023.2195618
Crossref
Google Scholar
Drwal, R. Ł. (1995). Adaptacja kwestionariuszy osobowości. PWN. Google Scholar
Einstein, G. O., McDaniel, M. A. (1990). Normal aging and prospective memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(4), 717–726.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Einstein, G. O., McDaniel, M. A., Richardson, S. L., Guynn, M. J., Cunfer, A. R. (1995). Aging and prospective memory: Examining the influences of self–initiated retrieval processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 996–1008.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Ellis, J. A., Freeman, J. E. (2008). Ten years of realizing delayed intentions. W: M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel i G. O. Einstein (red.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspective (s. 1–27). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
Fioravanti, M., Nacca, D., Amati, S., Buckley, A. E., Bisetti, A. (1995). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and associated patterns of memory decline. Dementia, 6(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1159/000106920
Crossref
Google Scholar
Gao, Y. H., Zhao, H. S., Zhang, F. R., Gao, Y., Shen, P., Chen, R. C., Zhang, G. J. (2015). The Relationship between Depression and Asthma: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0132424. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132424
Crossref
Google Scholar
Goldberg, E. (2009). The new executive brain. Frontal lobes in a complex world. Oxford University Press.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Graf, P., Grondin, S. (2006). Time perception and time–based prospective memory. W: J. Glicksohn i M. S. Myslobodsky (red.), Timing the future. The case for a time–based prospective memory (s. 1–24). World Scientific Publishing Company.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Greenlund, K. J., Liu, Y., Deokar, A. J., Wheaton, A. G., Croft, J. B. (2016). Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With Increased Confusion or Memory Loss and Functional Limitations Among Adults in 21 States, 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, artykuł 150428. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.150428
Crossref
Google Scholar
Halpin, D. M. G., Vogelmeier, C. F., Agusti, A. (2021). COVID-19 and COPD: lessons beyond the pandemic. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 321(5), L978–L982. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00386.2021
Crossref
Google Scholar
Hartgerink-Lutgens, I. I., Vermeeren, A. A., Vuurman, E. E., Kremer, B. B. (2009). Disturbed cognitive functions after nasal provocation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 39(4), 500–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03200.x
Crossref
Google Scholar
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., McSweeny, A. J., Adams, K. M., Petty, T. L. (1983). Psychological effects of continuous and nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 143(10), 1941–1947.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Heffernan, T. M., Ling, J., Parrott, A. C., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A. B., Rodgers, J. (2005). Self–rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non–smokers: A web–based study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(3), 235–241.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Heffernan, T., O’Neill, T., Moss, M. (2010). Smoking and everyday prospective memory: A comparison of self–report and objective methodologies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112(3), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.012
Crossref
Google Scholar
Heffernan, T., O’Neill, T., Moss, M. (2011). Smoking–related prospective memory deficits in a real–world task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120(1‒3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.010
Crossref
Google Scholar
Henry, J. D., Philips, L. H., Crawford, J. R., Kliegel, M., Theodorou, G., Summers, F. (2007). Traumatic brain injury and prospective memory: Influence of task complexity. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(5), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390600762717
Crossref
Google Scholar
Hill, R. D., Nilsson, L.-G., Nyberg, L., Backman, L. (2003). Cigarette smoking and cognitive performance in healthy swedish adults. Age and Ageing, 32(5), 548–550. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afg067
Crossref
Google Scholar
Jaracz, J. (2007). Depresja i lęk w przewlekłych chorobach płuc. Przewodnik Lekarza, 1, 139–141. Google Scholar
Jassem, E., Batura-Gabryel, H., Cofta, S., Doboszyńska, A., Farnik, M., Gorecka, D., Korzeniewska-Koseła, M., Kozielski, J., Krajnik, M., Krakowiak, P., Słomiński, J. M., Śliwiński, P., Wordliczek, J., Szułdrzyński, K., Królikowski, W., Zajączkowska, R., Krzyżanowski, D. (2012). Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Chorób Płuc dotyczące opieki paliatywnej w przewlekłych chorobach płuc. Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska, 80(1), 41–64.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Jodzio, K. (2008). Neuropsychologia intencjonalnego działania. Koncepcje funkcji wykonawczych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR. Google Scholar
Kalmijn, S., van Botel, M. P. J., Verschuren, M. W. M., Jolles, J., Launer, L. J. (2002). Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to cognitive performance in middle age. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156(10), 936–944. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf135
Crossref
Google Scholar
Kałucka, S. (2020). Najnowsze wytyczne postępowania w przewlekłej obturacyjnej chorobie płuc na rok 2019/2020 – GOLD 2019/2020. Część II. Klasyfikacja i leczenie POChP. Geriatria, 14, 76–82. Google Scholar
Kądzielawa, D. (1990). Podręcznik do Baterii Testów Neuropsychologicznych Halsteada-Reitana [niepublikowany maszynopis]. Wydział Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Google Scholar
Kliegel, M., Ropeter, A., Mackinlay, R. (2006). Complex prospective memory in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 12(6), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040600696040
Crossref
Google Scholar
Kliegel, M., Jäger, T., Altgassen, M., Shum, D. (2008). Clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory. W: M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel i G. O. Einstein (red.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (s. 283–308). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Crossref
Google Scholar
Kremer, B., den Hartog, H. M., Jolles, J. (2002). Relationship between allergic rhinitis, disturbed cognitive functions and psychological well–being. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 32(9), 1310–1315. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01483.x
Crossref
Google Scholar
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., Hannay, H. J., Fischer, J. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Marshall, P., O'Hara, C., Steinberg, P. (2000). Effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis on selected cognitive abilities. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology: Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 84(4), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62273-9
Crossref
Google Scholar
Mejza, F. (2023). Postępowanie w przewlekłej obturacyjnej chorobie płuc – co nowego w raporcie Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2023. Medycyna Praktyczna, 2, 36–46. Google Scholar
Murray, C. J. L., Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease. World Health Organization, Harvard School of Public Health, World Bank. Google Scholar
Niedźwieńska, A. (2008). Pamięć prospektywna – poznawcze podstawy realizacji zamiarów. W: A. Niedźwieńska (red.), Samoregulacja w poznaniu i działaniu (s. 75–101). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Google Scholar
Nooyens, A. C. J., van Gelder, B. M., Verschuren, W. M. M. (2008). Smoking and cognitive decline among middle–aged men and women: The Doetinchem cohort study. The American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 2244–2250. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.130294
Crossref
Google Scholar
Ozge, C., Ozge, A., Unal, O. (2006). Cognitive and functional deterioration in patients with severe COPD. Behavioral Neurology, 17(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1155/2006/848607
Crossref
Google Scholar
Panaszek, B. (2008). Astma w wieku podeszłym. Przewodnik Lekarza, 6, 71–73. Google Scholar
Park, S. K., Larson, J. L. (2015). Cognitive function as measured by Trail Making Test in patients with COPD. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 37(2), 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914530520
Crossref
Google Scholar
Parnowski, T., Jernajczyk, W. (1977). Inwentarz Depresji Becka w ocenie nastroju osób zdrowych i chorych na choroby afektywne (ocena pilotażowa). Psychiatria Polska, 11, 417–425 Google Scholar
Philips, L. H., Henry, J. D., Martin, M. (2008). Adult aging and prospective memory. The importance of ecological validity. W: M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel i G. O. Einstein (red.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (s. 161–185). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
Prigatano, G. P., Parsons, O., Wright, E., Levin, D. C., Hawryluk, G. (1983). Neuropsychological test performance in mildly hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(1), 108–116. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.51.1.108
Crossref
Google Scholar
Przybylski, A. (1976). Funkcja mózgu w hipoksji. PZWL. Google Scholar
Ranzini, L., Schiavi, M., Pierobon, A., Granata, N., Giardini, A. (2020). From Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Dementia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Implications for Clinical Practice and Disease Management: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, artykuł 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00337
Crossref
Google Scholar
Rönnlund, M., Vestergren, P., Mäntylä, T., Nilsson, L. G. (2011). Predictors of self–reported prospective and retrospective memory in a population–based sample of older adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 172(3), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2010.538450 Google Scholar
Rymaszewska, J., Dudek, D. (2009). Zaburzenia psychiczne w chorobach somatycznych. Praktyczne wskazówki diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne. Via Medica. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2010.538450
Crossref
Google Scholar
Rzadkiewicz, M. (2008). Dysfunkcje neuropoznawcze w przebiegu wybranych przewlekłych schorzeń układu oddechowego. W: K. Jodzio i W. M. Nyka (red.), Neuropsychologia medyczna. Wybrane zagadnienia (s. 67–88). Wydawnictwo Arche. Google Scholar
Samajdar, S., Halder, S., Mahato, A. K. (2022). Attention, Memory, and Executive Functioning in Hypoxemic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients. Annals of Indian Psychiatry, 6(3), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.4103/aip.aip_85_21
Crossref
Google Scholar
Simons, J. S., Schölvinck, M. L., Gilbert, S. J., Frith, C. D., Burgess, P. W. (2006). Differential components of prospective memory? Evidence from fMRI. Neuropsychologia, 44(8), 1388–1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.005
Crossref
Google Scholar
Sin, D. D., Doiron, D., Agusti, A., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P. J., Celli, B. R., Criner, G. J., Halpin, D., Han, M. K., Martinez, F. J., Montes de Oca, M., Papi, A., Pavord, I., Roche, N., Singh, D., Stockley, R., Lopez Varlera, M. V., Wedzicha, J., Vogelmeier, C., […] GOLD Scientific Committee. (2023). Air pollution and COPD: GOLD 2023 committee report. The European Respiratory Journal, 61(5), artykuł 2202469. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02469-2022
Crossref
Google Scholar
Singh, D., Mathioudakis, A. G., Higham, A. (2022). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19: interrelationships. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 28(2), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000834
Crossref
Google Scholar
Siraj, R. A. (2023). Comorbid Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Current Understanding, Risk Factors, Implications for Clinical Practice, and Suggested Interventions. Medicina, 59(4), artykuł 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040732
Crossref
Google Scholar
Smith, G., Della Sala, S., Logie, R. H., Maylor, E. A. (2000). Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: A questionnaire study. Memory, 8(5), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210050117735
Crossref
Google Scholar
Spilling, C. A., Jones, P. W., Dodd, J. W., Barrick, T. R. (2017). White matter lesions characterise brain involvement in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but cerebral atrophy does not. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 17(1), artykuł 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0435-1
Crossref
Google Scholar
Strupczewska, B. (1990). Test figury złożonej Reya-Osterrietha. Podręcznik. Centralny Ośrodek Metodyczny Poradnictwa Wychowawczo-Zawodowego MEN. Google Scholar
Wang, J., Li, X., Lei, S., Zhang, D., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Li, J. (2022). Risk of dementia or cognitive impairment in COPD patients: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, artykuł 962562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.962562
Crossref
Google Scholar
Wang, M., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Ren, Q. (2023). The Abnormal Alternations of Brain Imaging in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, 7(1), 901–919. https://doi.org/10.3233/adr-220083
Crossref
Google Scholar
Watanabe, M., Kohozuki, M., Meguro, K., Goto, Y., Sato, T. (2001). Marked improvement of neuropsychological impairment in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after lung volume reduction surgery. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 193(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.193.67
Crossref
Google Scholar
WHO (Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia). (2021). Report The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death Google Scholar
Wilson, B. A., Emslie, H., Foley, J., Shiel, A., Watson, P., Hawkins, K., Groot, Y., Evans, J. J. (2005). The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test CAMPROMT. Harcourt Assessment. Google Scholar
Wilson, E. A. H., Park, D. (2008). Prospective memory and health behaviors. Context trumps cognition. W: M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel i G. O. Einstein (red.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (s. 391–410). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
Witkowska, M. (2010). Pamięć prospektywna: Od teorii do praktyki. W: K. Jodzio i E. M. Szepietowska (red.), Neuronalne ścieżki poznania i zachowania. Rozważania interdyscyplinarne (s. 29–42). Wydawnictwo UMCS. Google Scholar
Wolska-Bułach, A., Wierzowiecka, M., Niklas, K., Tykarski, A., Niklas, A. (2022). Od naciśnienia do otępienia... Zaburzenia funkcji poznawczych u pacjentów w podeszłym wieku z nadciśnieniem tętniczym. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze w Praktyce, 8(2), 73–88. Google Scholar
Yin, M., Wang, H., Hu, X., Li, X., Fei, G., Yu, Y. (2019). Patterns of brain structural alteration in COPD with different levels of pulmonary function impairment and its association with cognitive deficits. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 19, artykuł 203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-0955-y
Crossref
Google Scholar
Yohannes, A. M. (2008). Management of anxiety and depression in patients with COPD. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1586/17476348.2.3.337
Crossref
Google Scholar
Yohannes, A. M., Chen, W., Moga, A. M., Leroi, I., Connolly, M. J. (2017). Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(5), 451.e1–451.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.01.014
Crossref
Google Scholar
Zielazny, P. (2016). Wybrane czynniki kliniczne i psychologiczne a ocena jakości życia u chorych na przewlekłą obturacyjną chorobę płuc (POChP) [niepublikowana rozprawa doktorska]. Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny. Google Scholar
Zielonka, T. M. (2005). Epidemiologia chorób układu oddechowego. W: R. Chazan (red.), Pneumonologia praktyczna (s. 81–107). α–medica press. Google Scholar
Zogg, J. B., Woods, S., Sauceda, J. A., Wiebe, J. S., Simoni, J. M. (2012). The role of prospective memory in medication adherence: A review of an emerging literature. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9341-9
Crossref
Google Scholar
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
