Perfekcjonizm w teorii i badaniach

Karolina Kwarcińska

Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-7142

Katarzyna Sanna

Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-1830

Anna Kamza

Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0403-8079

Konrad Piotrowski

Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-510X


Abstrakt

Cel

Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat perfekcjonizmu – względnie stałej tendencji do stawiania sobie lub innym nierealistycznych oczekiwań. W artykule dokonano przeglądu prowadzonych w ostatnich latach badań oraz zaprezentowano ewolucję poglądów na rozwój i znaczenie perfekcjonizmu dla przystosowania jednostki.

Tezy

Wiedza na temat perfekcjonizmu ciągle się poszerza, co sprawia, że konieczne jest opisanie historii badań nad tym zjawiskiem, ewolucji sposobów myślenia i powstałych na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad modeli teoretycznych. W literaturze polskiej jest stosunkowo mało publikacji na ten temat, a prezentowany artykuł ma na celu przynajmniej częściowe wypełnienie tej luki. W rozważaniach prezentujemy również wyniki badań nad związkiem perfekcjonizmu z ważnymi dla funkcjonowania człowieka obszarami, takimi jak zdrowie, praca czy relacje interpersonalne, oraz wskazujemy na czynniki związane z rozwojem tej charakterystyki. Prezentujemy także najpopularniejsze narzędzia do pomiaru perfekcjonizmu.

Konkluzja

Perfekcjonizm, początkowo postrzegany jako dyspozycja jednoznacznie negatywna i traktowana jako predyktor psychopatologii, w świetle prowadzonych w ostatnich latach badań powinien być traktowany jako złożona charakterystyka osobowościowa, która manifestuje się na różne sposoby, w tym również pozytywne i adaptacyjne.


Słowa kluczowe:

modele perfekcjonizmu, badania nad perfekcjonizmem, perfekcjonistyczne dążenia, perfekcjonistyczne obawy, pomiar perfekcjonizmu


Akram, U., Ellis, J. G., Barclay, N. L. (2015). Anxiety Mediates the Relationship between Perfectionism and Insomnia Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study. PLOS ONE, 10(10). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138865
Crossref   Google Scholar

Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G., Martin, J. L. (2006). Perfectionism, Shame, and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84, 148–156. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00390.x
Crossref   Google Scholar

Atala, K., Baxter, R. (1989). Suicidal adolescents. Postgraduate Medicine, 86, 223–230.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Baumrind, D. (1967). Child Care Practices Anteceding Three Patterns of Preschool Behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.   Google Scholar

Blatt, S. J. (1995). The Destructiveness of Perfectionism – Implications for the Treatment of Depression. American Psychologist, 12, 1003–1020. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.50.12.1003
Crossref   Google Scholar

Broday, S. F. (1988). Perfectionism and Millon Basic Personality Pattern. Psychological Reports, 63, 791–794. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.791
Crossref   Google Scholar

Bulik, C. M., Tozzi, F., Anderson, C., Mazzeo, S. E., Aggen, S., Sullivan, P. F. (2003). The Relation Between Eating Disorders and Components of Perfectionism. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 366–368. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.366
Crossref   Google Scholar

Burns, D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 11, 34–52.   Google Scholar

Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., Clara, I. P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 365–373. DOI: 10.1037//1040-3590.14.3.365
Crossref   Google Scholar

Curran, T., Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism Is Increasing Over Time: A Meta-Analysis of Birth Cohort Differences From 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 14, 410–429. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000138
Crossref   Google Scholar

Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., Băban, A. (2013). On the development of perfectionism in adolescence: perceived parental expectations predict longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 688–693. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.021
Crossref   Google Scholar

Domocus, J., Damian, L. (2018). The role of parents and teachers in changing adolescents’ perfectionism: A short-term longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 244–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.012
Crossref   Google Scholar

Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Berg, J. L. (2012). Perfectionism Dimensions and the Five-factor Model of Personality. European Journal of Personality, 26, 233–244. DOI: 10.1002/per.829
Crossref   Google Scholar

Dunn, J. G. H., Dunn, J. C., Gotwals, J. K., Vallance, J. K. H., Craft, J. M., Syrotuik, D. G. (2006). Establishing construct validity evidence for the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 57–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.003
Crossref   Google Scholar

Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Sareen, J., Freeman, P. (2001). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in medical students: A longitudinal investigation. Medical Education, 35(11), 1034–1042. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.01044.x
Crossref   Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of Perfectionism, Unconditional Self-Acceptance, and Depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(2), 119–138. DOI: 10.1023/A:1025051431957
Crossref   Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. W: G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt (red.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research and Assessment (s. 5–31). Washington: American PsychologicalAssociation. DOI: 10.1037/10458-001
Crossref   Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Dyck, D. G. (1989). Self-oriented perfectionism, neuroticism and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 731–735. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90119-0
Crossref   Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., Macdonald, S. (2002a). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. W: G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt (red.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research and Assessment (s. 89–132). Washington: American Psychological Association. DOI: 10.1037/10458-004
Crossref   Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism. W: F. M. Sirois, D. S. Molnar (red.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (s. 121–155). New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_6
Crossref   Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119–126. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2
Crossref   Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., Rosenblate, R. (1990). The Dimensions of Perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Habke, A. M., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1999). Perfectionism and sexual satisfaction in intimate relationships. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21(4), 307–322. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022168715349
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Encounters with the self. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.   Google Scholar

Haring, M., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (2003). Perfectionism, Coping, and Quality of Intimate Relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 143–158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00143.x
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1990). Perfectionism and depression: a multidimensional analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 98–101.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the Self and Social Contexts: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Association With Psychopathology. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5(5), 423–438. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. (2007). When does conscientiousness become perfectionism? Currrent Psychiatry, 6(7), 49–60.   Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Habke, A. M., Lee-Baggley, D. L., Sherry, S. B., Flett, G. L. (2008). The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive, affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71, 93–122. DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.93
Crossref   Google Scholar

Hill, A. P., Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: a meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 269–288. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/wzber
Crossref   Google Scholar

Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth: the struggle toward self-realization. New York: W. W. Norton.   Google Scholar

Hornowska, E., Paluchowski, W. J. (2007). Praca – skrywana obsesja. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.   Google Scholar

Iranzo-Tatay, C., Gimeno-Clemente, N., Barberá-Fons, M., Rodriguez-Campayo, M. Á., Rojo-Bofill, L., Livianos-Aldana, L., Beato-Fernandez, L., Vaz-Leal, F., Rojo-Moreno, L. (2015). Genetic and environmental contributions to perfectionism and its common factors. Psychiatry Research, 230, 932–939. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.020
Crossref   Google Scholar

Kamakura, T., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Maekawa, H. (2003). A Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Psychological Traits of Eating Disorders in a Japanese Female Sample. Twin Research, 6(4), 292–296. DOI: 10.1375/136905203322296647
Crossref   Google Scholar

Klibert, J., Lamis, D. A., Naufel, K., Yancey, C. T., Lohr, S. (2015). Associations Between Perfectionism and Generalized Anxiety: Examining Cognitive Schemas and Gender. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33, 160–178. DOI: 10.1007/s10942-015-0208-9
Crossref   Google Scholar

Lilenfeld, L. R. R. (2011). Personality and Temperament. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 6, 3–16. DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_86
Crossref   Google Scholar

Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 420–430. DOI: 10.1177/1745691610375557
Crossref   Google Scholar

Maslach, C., Leiter, M. P. (2017). Understanding burnout: New models. W: C. L. Cooper, J. C. Quick (red.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice (s. 36–56). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.
Crossref   Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. (2005). Osobowość dorosłego człowieka. Perspektywa teorii pięcioczynnikowej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM.   Google Scholar

Morris, L., Lomax, C. (2014). Review: Assessment, development, and treatment of childhood perfectionism: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19, 225–234. DOI: 10.1111/camh.12067
Crossref   Google Scholar

Neumeister, K. L. S. (2004). Factors Influencing the Development of Perfectionism in Gifted College Students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(4), 259–274. DOI: 10.1177/001698620404800402
Crossref   Google Scholar

Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386–390. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386
Crossref   Google Scholar

Piotrowski, K. (2019). Perfectionism and Identity Process in Two Domains: Mediational Roles of Worry, Rumination, Indecisiveness, Shame, and Guilt. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01864
Crossref   Google Scholar

Piotrowski, K. (2020). How Good It Would Be to Turn Back Time: Adult Attachment and Perfectionism in Mothers and Their Relationships with the Processes of Parental Identity Formation. Psychologica Belgica, 60(1), 55–72. DOI: 10.5334/pb.492
Crossref   Google Scholar

Piotrowski, K. (2020a). Child-oriented and partner-oriented perfectionism explain different aspects of family difficulties. PLOS ONE, 15(8), 1–19. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236870
Crossref   Google Scholar

Piotrowski, K., Bojanowska, A. (2019). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Polish adaptation of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2754–2763. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00198-w
Crossref   Google Scholar

Quadland, M. C. (1980). Private Self-consciousness, Attribution of Responsibility, and Perfectionistic Thinking in Secondary Erectile Dysfunction. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 6, 47–55. DOI: 10.1080/00926238008404245
Crossref   Google Scholar

Shea. A. J., Slaney, R. B. (1999). The Dyadic Almost Perfect Scale. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.   Google Scholar

Smith, M., Sherry, S. B., Rnic, K., Saklofske, D. H., Enns, M., Gralnick, T. (2016). Are perfectionism dimensions vulnerability factors for depressive symptoms after controlling for neuroticism? A meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 201–212. DOI: 10.1002/per.2053
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(4), 481–491. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00207-9
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J. (2012). Dyadic perfectionism in romantic relationships: predicting relationship satisfaction and longterm commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 300–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.002
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J. (2016). Comparing Two Short Forms of the Hewitt–Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Sage Journals, 25(5), 578–588. DOI: 10.1177/1073191116659740
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J. (2018). The psychology of perfectionism: critical issues, open questions, and future directions. W: J. Stoeber (red.), The psychology of perfectionism: theory, research, applications (s. 333–352). London: Routledge.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J., Childs, J. H. (2011). Perfectionism. W: R. J. Levesque (red.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (s. 2053–2059). New York: Springer.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E. (2016). Perfectionism in Employees: Work Engagement, Workaholism, and Burnout. W: F. M. Sirois, D. S. Molnar (red.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (s. 265–283). New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_12
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J., Eismann, U. (2007). Perfectionism in young musicians: Relations with motivation, effort, achievement, and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2182–2192. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.036
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J., Otto, K. (2006). Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Dalbert, C. (2009). Perfectionism and the Big Five: Conscientiousness predicts longitudinal increases in self-oriented perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 363–368. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.004
Crossref   Google Scholar

Tozzi, F., Aggen, S. H., Neale, B. M., Anderson, Ch. B., Mazzeo, S. E., Neale, M. C., Bulik, C. M. (2004). The Structure of Perfectionism: A Twin Study. Behavior Genetics, 34(5), 483–494. DOI: 10.1023/B:BEGE.0000038486.47219.76
Crossref   Google Scholar

Wade, T. D., Bulik, C. M. 2007. Shared genetic and environmental risk factors between undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluation and dimensions of perfectionism. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 635–644. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291706009603
Crossref   Google Scholar

Wang, K. T. (2010). The Family Almost Perfect Scale: Development, Psychometric Properties, and Comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1, 186–199. DOI: 10.1037/a0020732
Crossref   Google Scholar

Weisinger, H., Lobsenz, N. M. (1981). Nobody’s perfect: How to give criticism and get results. New York: Warne.   Google Scholar

Weissman, A., Beck, A. (1978). Dysfunctional Attitude Scale DAS. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: a preliminary investigation. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 62, Toronto, Canada, 1–33.
Crossref   Google Scholar

Żechowski, C. (2008). Polska wersja Kwestionariusza Zaburzeń Odżywiania. Psychiatria Polska, 42(2), 179–193.   Google Scholar

Pobierz


Opublikowane
2022-12-29

Cited By /
Share

Kwarcińska, K., Sanna, K., Kamza, A. ., & Piotrowski, K. (2022). Perfekcjonizm w teorii i badaniach. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 65(3), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.8033

Karolina Kwarcińska 
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-7142
Katarzyna Sanna 
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-1830
Anna Kamza 
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0403-8079
Konrad Piotrowski 
Centrum Badań nad Rozwojem Osobowości, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-510X