A COGNITIVE-CONCEPTUAL MAPPING OF THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ORTEGA Y GASSET´S ESSAY LA DESHUMANIZACIÓN DEL ARTE (1925). TOWARDS A BIOPOETIC APPROACH1
Michał Góral
Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, SpainJuani Guerra
Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, SpainAbstract
The aim of this paper is to map cognitive dynamics of meaning construction
in Spanish language as articulated in Ortega y Gasset’s philosophical essay La
deshumanización del arte / The Dehumanization of Art [1925]. We will focus on how
the human element is conceptualized, i.e., created and understood by the author. Our
method is based on the application of cognitive models of conceptual analysis found
in Cognitive Linguistics known as Idealized Cognitive Models – ICMs [Lakoff & Johnson
1980] like Image Schema, Metaphor, Metonymy, and their developments as conceptual
blends in Conceptual Integration Theory – CIT [Fauconnier & Turner 2002].
The high philosophical complexity of this text’s nuclear conceptual structure HUMAN
and DEHUMANIZATION makes it necessary to initially map them from theoretically
established cognitive approaches to language organization. In this paper we develop
such analysis as groundwork for a subsequent study involving a more dynamicist view
of their emergent meanings in the framework of Biopoetics [Guerra 2013, 2016].
Keywords:
Dehumanization, Art, Ortega y Gasset, Biopoetics, Neural Theory of Language (NTL), Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), Conceptual Integration Theory (CIT)References
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within Cognitive Linguistics: An Update. En: Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison
and Contrast. Eds. Dirven R. & Pörings R. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 207-277.
Bozal Valeriano. 2000. Prologo La deshumanización del arte. Madrid: Espasa: 11.
Churchland Patricia. 2002. Brain-Wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Churchland Patricia. 2011. Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality. New
Jersey: Princetone University Press.
Damasio Antonio. 2005. En busca de Spinoza: neurobiología de las emociones. Barcelona:
Editorial Crítica.
Damasio Antonio. 2006. El error de Descartes: la emoción, la razón y el cerebro humano.
Barcelona: Editorial Crítica.
El-Arbaoui Jelouli, Amar & Guerra, Juani. A cognitive approach to Berber-Tamazight
sociocultural reality : the bioconceptual organization of Izri poetics by Tarifit-speaking
Riffian women. Tesis Doctoral ULPGC: Acceda, 2013 Disponible en: https://acceda.
ulpgc.es:8443/bitstream/10553/10752/1/0686727_00000_0000.pdf.
Fauconnier Gills. 1985. Mental Spaces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fauconnier Gills & Turner Mark. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and
the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Fillmore Charles. 1982. Frame semantics. “Linguistics in the Morning Calm”. Seoul,
Hanshin Publishing Co: 111-137.
Freeman Margaret. H. 2007. Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Literary Studies: State
of the Art in Cognitive Poetics. En: The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics.
Eds. Geerarerts D. & Cuyckens H. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1175-1202
Gallese Vittorio & Lakoff George. 2005. The brain’s concepts: The role of the sensory-motor
system in conceptual knowledge. “Cognitive Neuropsychology” No. 22(3): 455–479.
Garagorri Paulino. 1970. Introducción a Ortega, Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Gibbs Raymond. 2006. Introspection and cognitive linguistics: Should we trust our own
intuitions? “Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics”No. 4: 135-151.
Gibbs Raymond & Colston Herbert. 2012. Interpreting Figurative Meaning. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Góral Michal, Guerra Juani. 2016. Cognición, Lengua y Dinámicas Biopoéticas de Evolución
Social en Ortega y Gasset. Modelos Cognitivos de Organización Temporal del
Concepto Humano en el Texto La Deshumanización Del Arte (1925). Tesis Doctoral
ULPGC: Acceda.
Guerra Juani. 1992. La naturaleza creativa del tiempo en el nuevo paradigma del Caos:
Una relectura de T.S. Eliot. Madrid: S.P.U.C.M.
Guerra Juani. 2001. Simplixity and Complexity. The Topology of the Short Story and
the Novel. “Short Story Journal”No. 9, 1, Texas: CELJ.
Guerra Juani. 2011. Cognitive Poetics and Biocultural (Con)figuration of Life, Cognition
and Language. Towards a theory of socially integrated science En: Pensamiento.
Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica. 67, 254, 843-850.
Guerra Juani. 2013. Poética Cognitiva: (Con)figurándonos lo real. “Lenguaje, Literatura
y Cognición”. Eds. Hermosilla A. y Calero M.L. Córdoba: S.P.U.C.: 253-271.
Guerra Juani. 2016. Nueva Poética para una transversalidad realista. Revista de Occidente.
“Metáfora y Ciencia”. Madrid: Fundación Ortega y Gasset. No. 422-423: 32-44.
Guerra Juani & Svend Ostergaard. 2017. Technopoiesis as Complex Dinamic Knowledge
Construction. A Biopoetic explanation of the Creative Convolution of Human, Natural
and Technological Science. “Icono” 14, Vol. 15(1): 235-255. doi: 10.7195/ri14.v15i1.1034
Gutiérrez Pozo, Antonio. 2012a. Relectura de La Deshumanización del Arte de Ortega
y Gasset. “Fedro, Revista de estética y Teoría del Artes” No. 11.
Gutiérrez Pozo, Antonio. 2012b. Desrealización y diferencia: conceptos fundamentales de
la estética de Ortega y Gasset. “Fedro, Revista de Estética y Teoría del Artes” No. 11.
Haro Honrubia Alejandro. 2009. La dialéctica masa-minoría en la filosofía de Ortega
y Gasset: Contribución al análisis de las diferentes dimensiones que los conceptos
“Hombre masa” y “Hombre minoría” adoptan a lo largo de la evolución del pensamiento
orteguiano. Cuenca: Ediciones de la UCLM.
Haslam Nick. 2006. Dehumanization: An integrative Review. “Personality and Social
Psychology Review” Vol. 10, No. 3: 252-264.
Hutchins Edwin. 2005. Material anchors for conceptual blends. “Journal of Pragmatics”
No. 37: 1555-1557.
Johnson Mark. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The bodily basis of meaning imagination
and reason. Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press.
Johnson Mark. 2015. Embodied understanding. In: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/
10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01914/full [22 I 2017.]
Lakoff George. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About
the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff George. 2008. The Neural Theory of Metaphor. In: The Metaphor Handbook.
Ed. R. Gibbs R. Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff George & Johnson Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press.
Lakoff George & Johnson Mark. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and
its Challenge to Western Thought. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Lakoff George & Turner Mark. 1989. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic
Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Martín Adán & Guerra Juani. Dinámicas cognitivas de la complejidad poética y lingüística
del concepto “TIEMPO”. Modelización conceptual en el texto de T.S. Eliot.”The Waste
Land” (1992). Tesis Doctoral ULPGC: Acceda, 2014 Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.
net/10533/12202.
Martínez Juan José & Guerra Juani. Dinámicas Biopoéticas del Prototractatus
y El Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus de Ludwig Wittgenstein. Arquitectura Cognitiva
de las Proposiciones. Tesis Doctoral ULPGC:Acceda, 2015. Disponible en: http://hdl.
handle.net/10553/18128.
Morales Satoyo Mayté. Biopoética y LingüIística Cognitiva: Proyecciones Metafóricas
y Conceptualización de ZEIT en el texto Der Zauberberg de Thomas Mann. Tesis
Doctoral ULPGC: Acceda, 2014 Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/17255.
Nieto Yusta Constanza. 2012. La deshumanización del Arte de Ortega y Gasset y el papel
del “hombre-masa”. “Espacio, Tiempo y Forma”, Serie VII, H.a del Arte, t. 25: 295-312.
Ortega y Gasset José. 2007. La Deshumanización del Arte. Madrid: Austral.
Prigogine Ilya & Stengers Isabelle. 1984. Order out of Chaos: Man’s new dialogue with
nature. Flamingo.
Rohrer Tim. 2005. Image schemata in the brain. En: From perception to meaning:
Image schemas in Cognitive Linguistics. Eds. Hampe B. & Grady J. Berlín: Mouton
de Gruyter: 165-196.
Ruiz de Mendoza Francisco & Peña Sandra. 2005. Conceptual interaction, cognitive
operations and projection spaces. En: Cognitive Linguistics: Internal Dynamics and
Interdisciplinary Interaction. Eds. Ruiz de Mendoza F. & Peña S. Berlín-Nueva York:
Mouton de Gruyter: 254-280.
Silvera Marta & Guerra Juani. Biopoética, Cognición y Emoción. Integración Conceptual
y Emergencia en The Crying Of Lot 49 de Thomas Pynchon. Tesis Doctoral ULPGC:
Acceda, 2015. Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/18017.
Talmy Leonard. 2000. Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tomasello Michael. 1999. The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Tomasello Michael. 2008. Origins of Human Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Turner Mark. 1996. The Literary Mind: The Origins of Thought and Language.
Oxford-Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
UK: Penguin Books.
Barcelona Antonio. 2000. Clarifying and Applying the Notions of Metaphor and Metonymy
within Cognitive Linguistics: An Update. En: Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison
and Contrast. Eds. Dirven R. & Pörings R. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 207-277.
Bozal Valeriano. 2000. Prologo La deshumanización del arte. Madrid: Espasa: 11.
Churchland Patricia. 2002. Brain-Wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Churchland Patricia. 2011. Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality. New
Jersey: Princetone University Press.
Damasio Antonio. 2005. En busca de Spinoza: neurobiología de las emociones. Barcelona:
Editorial Crítica.
Damasio Antonio. 2006. El error de Descartes: la emoción, la razón y el cerebro humano.
Barcelona: Editorial Crítica.
El-Arbaoui Jelouli, Amar & Guerra, Juani. A cognitive approach to Berber-Tamazight
sociocultural reality : the bioconceptual organization of Izri poetics by Tarifit-speaking
Riffian women. Tesis Doctoral ULPGC: Acceda, 2013 Disponible en: https://acceda.
ulpgc.es:8443/bitstream/10553/10752/1/0686727_00000_0000.pdf.
Fauconnier Gills. 1985. Mental Spaces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fauconnier Gills & Turner Mark. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and
the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Fillmore Charles. 1982. Frame semantics. “Linguistics in the Morning Calm”. Seoul,
Hanshin Publishing Co: 111-137.
Freeman Margaret. H. 2007. Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Literary Studies: State
of the Art in Cognitive Poetics. En: The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics.
Eds. Geerarerts D. & Cuyckens H. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1175-1202
Gallese Vittorio & Lakoff George. 2005. The brain’s concepts: The role of the sensory-motor
system in conceptual knowledge. “Cognitive Neuropsychology” No. 22(3): 455–479.
Garagorri Paulino. 1970. Introducción a Ortega, Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Gibbs Raymond. 2006. Introspection and cognitive linguistics: Should we trust our own
intuitions? “Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics”No. 4: 135-151.
Gibbs Raymond & Colston Herbert. 2012. Interpreting Figurative Meaning. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Góral Michal, Guerra Juani. 2016. Cognición, Lengua y Dinámicas Biopoéticas de Evolución
Social en Ortega y Gasset. Modelos Cognitivos de Organización Temporal del
Concepto Humano en el Texto La Deshumanización Del Arte (1925). Tesis Doctoral
ULPGC: Acceda.
Guerra Juani. 1992. La naturaleza creativa del tiempo en el nuevo paradigma del Caos:
Una relectura de T.S. Eliot. Madrid: S.P.U.C.M.
Guerra Juani. 2001. Simplixity and Complexity. The Topology of the Short Story and
the Novel. “Short Story Journal”No. 9, 1, Texas: CELJ.
Guerra Juani. 2011. Cognitive Poetics and Biocultural (Con)figuration of Life, Cognition
and Language. Towards a theory of socially integrated science En: Pensamiento.
Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica. 67, 254, 843-850.
Guerra Juani. 2013. Poética Cognitiva: (Con)figurándonos lo real. “Lenguaje, Literatura
y Cognición”. Eds. Hermosilla A. y Calero M.L. Córdoba: S.P.U.C.: 253-271.
Guerra Juani. 2016. Nueva Poética para una transversalidad realista. Revista de Occidente.
“Metáfora y Ciencia”. Madrid: Fundación Ortega y Gasset. No. 422-423: 32-44.
Guerra Juani & Svend Ostergaard. 2017. Technopoiesis as Complex Dinamic Knowledge
Construction. A Biopoetic explanation of the Creative Convolution of Human, Natural
and Technological Science. “Icono” 14, Vol. 15(1): 235-255. doi: 10.7195/ri14.v15i1.1034
Gutiérrez Pozo, Antonio. 2012a. Relectura de La Deshumanización del Arte de Ortega
y Gasset. “Fedro, Revista de estética y Teoría del Artes” No. 11.
Gutiérrez Pozo, Antonio. 2012b. Desrealización y diferencia: conceptos fundamentales de
la estética de Ortega y Gasset. “Fedro, Revista de Estética y Teoría del Artes” No. 11.
Haro Honrubia Alejandro. 2009. La dialéctica masa-minoría en la filosofía de Ortega
y Gasset: Contribución al análisis de las diferentes dimensiones que los conceptos
“Hombre masa” y “Hombre minoría” adoptan a lo largo de la evolución del pensamiento
orteguiano. Cuenca: Ediciones de la UCLM.
Haslam Nick. 2006. Dehumanization: An integrative Review. “Personality and Social
Psychology Review” Vol. 10, No. 3: 252-264.
Hutchins Edwin. 2005. Material anchors for conceptual blends. “Journal of Pragmatics”
No. 37: 1555-1557.
Johnson Mark. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The bodily basis of meaning imagination
and reason. Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press.
Johnson Mark. 2015. Embodied understanding. In: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/
10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01914/full [22 I 2017.]
Lakoff George. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About
the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff George. 2008. The Neural Theory of Metaphor. In: The Metaphor Handbook.
Ed. R. Gibbs R. Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff George & Johnson Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press.
Lakoff George & Johnson Mark. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and
its Challenge to Western Thought. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Lakoff George & Turner Mark. 1989. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic
Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Martín Adán & Guerra Juani. Dinámicas cognitivas de la complejidad poética y lingüística
del concepto “TIEMPO”. Modelización conceptual en el texto de T.S. Eliot.”The Waste
Land” (1992). Tesis Doctoral ULPGC: Acceda, 2014 Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.
net/10533/12202.
Martínez Juan José & Guerra Juani. Dinámicas Biopoéticas del Prototractatus
y El Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus de Ludwig Wittgenstein. Arquitectura Cognitiva
de las Proposiciones. Tesis Doctoral ULPGC:Acceda, 2015. Disponible en: http://hdl.
handle.net/10553/18128.
Morales Satoyo Mayté. Biopoética y LingüIística Cognitiva: Proyecciones Metafóricas
y Conceptualización de ZEIT en el texto Der Zauberberg de Thomas Mann. Tesis
Doctoral ULPGC: Acceda, 2014 Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/17255.
Nieto Yusta Constanza. 2012. La deshumanización del Arte de Ortega y Gasset y el papel
del “hombre-masa”. “Espacio, Tiempo y Forma”, Serie VII, H.a del Arte, t. 25: 295-312.
Ortega y Gasset José. 2007. La Deshumanización del Arte. Madrid: Austral.
Prigogine Ilya & Stengers Isabelle. 1984. Order out of Chaos: Man’s new dialogue with
nature. Flamingo.
Rohrer Tim. 2005. Image schemata in the brain. En: From perception to meaning:
Image schemas in Cognitive Linguistics. Eds. Hampe B. & Grady J. Berlín: Mouton
de Gruyter: 165-196.
Ruiz de Mendoza Francisco & Peña Sandra. 2005. Conceptual interaction, cognitive
operations and projection spaces. En: Cognitive Linguistics: Internal Dynamics and
Interdisciplinary Interaction. Eds. Ruiz de Mendoza F. & Peña S. Berlín-Nueva York:
Mouton de Gruyter: 254-280.
Silvera Marta & Guerra Juani. Biopoética, Cognición y Emoción. Integración Conceptual
y Emergencia en The Crying Of Lot 49 de Thomas Pynchon. Tesis Doctoral ULPGC:
Acceda, 2015. Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/18017.
Talmy Leonard. 2000. Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tomasello Michael. 1999. The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Tomasello Michael. 2008. Origins of Human Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Turner Mark. 1996. The Literary Mind: The Origins of Thought and Language.
Oxford-Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Góral, M., & Guerra, J. (2017). A COGNITIVE-CONCEPTUAL MAPPING OF THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ORTEGA Y GASSET´S ESSAY LA DESHUMANIZACIÓN DEL ARTE (1925). TOWARDS A BIOPOETIC APPROACH1. Acta Neophilologica, 1(XIX), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.31648/an.685
Michał Góral
Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
Juani Guerra
Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
