Considerations of the origin of the Armenian term gom ‘stable, stall, pigsty
Анотація
The author pursues an argument that the Armenian word gom (‘stable, stall, pigsty’)
cannot be related to Old Norse gammi (‘Saami hut, dug-out’) for both phonological and
semantic reasons. Rather, the former noun represents an ancient borrowing from an
Anatolian source (cf. Hittite ḫūmmaš c. ‘stable, stall, sty’, Luwian ḫūmmaš c. ‘pigsty’
< PIE. *h2óu̯mos), whereas the latter one seems to be a Finno-Ugric loanword (via the
Northern Saami appellative gammi, which derives from the Finno-Permic archetype *kȣmɜ
‘granary, pantry’). Furthermore, the modern Caucasian languages attest lexical data with
two different (and easily separable) meanings: ‘stable, stall, sty’ vs. ‘granary, pantry’.
The former group, documented e.g. by Georgian gomi ‘pigsty’, is evidently of Anatolian
origin (via Armenian gom). On the other hand, the Caucasian terms for ‘granary, pantry’
(e.g. Svan gwem ‘cupboard, pantry, larder’, Kabardian gwän ‘chest for corn, grain-store’,
Ad. kon ‘upward widening woven granary, covered on the outside with clay and covered
with straw’, Ingush ḳe, obl. ḳeno ‘granary’, Chechen čọ̈̄ , obl. čọ̈̄ na- ‘store for grain, granary’
etc.), wrongly linked to the aforementioned words for ‘stable, stall, pigsty’ by some
linguists, should be treated as borrowings of Finno-Ugric origin (via Ossetic gom, gon,
gondan ‘box for grain, granary’ ← Ostyak kȯ̆m ‘granary, pantry’ vel sim. < Finno-Permic
*kȣmɜ ‘id.’).
Ключові слова:
borrowings, Caucasian languages, etymology, Indo-European languages, language contacts, pastoral vocabulary, Uralic languagesПосилання
Abaev, V. I. / Абаев, В. И. (1959): Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка. Vol. I. Москва–Ленинград. Google Scholar
Abaev, V. I. / Абаев, В. И. (1973): Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка. Vol. II. Ленинград. Google Scholar
Ačaṙjan, H. H. (1971): Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Language]. Vol. I. Yerevan. Google Scholar
Bader, F. (1974): Suffixes grecs en -m-: Recherches comparatives sur l’hétéroclisie nominale. Genève–Paris. Google Scholar
Brownson, C. L. (1961): Xenophon, Anabasis, Books IV–VII, with an English translation by C. L. Brownson, and Symposium and Apology, with an English translation by G. J. Todd. London–Cambridge. (MA) Google Scholar
Collinder, B. (1977): Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary. An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Language. Hamburg. Google Scholar
Duda, H. (2000): Bardzo krótkie wprowadzenie do językoznawstwa nostratyckiego. [In:] Język polski. Współczesność. Historia. Vol. I. W. Książek-Bryłowa, H. Duda (eds.). Lublin 2000, pp. 155–163. Google Scholar
Falk, H. S., Torp, A. (1910): Norwegisch-dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vol. I. Heidelberg. Google Scholar
Gamkrelidze, T. V., Ivanov, V. V. (1995): Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Vol. II. Berlin–New York. Google Scholar
Greppin, J. A. C. (1983): An Etymological Dictionary of the Indo-European Components of Armenian. “Bazmavep” CXLI, pp. 235–323. Google Scholar
Hewitt, G. (2004): Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. München. Google Scholar
Hübschmann, H. (1897): Armenische Grammatik. Theil I: Armenische Etymologie. Leipzig. Google Scholar
Hug, A. (1889): Xenophontis Expeditio Cyri. Lipsiae. Google Scholar
Illich-Svitych, V.,M. / Иллич-Свитыч, В. М. (1971): Опыт сравнения ностратических языков. Vol. I. Москва. Google Scholar
Joki, A. J. (1962): Finnisch-ugrisches im Ossetischen? [In:] Commentationes Finno-Ugricae in honorem Paolo Ravila (Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne CXXV). Helsinki, pp. 147–170. Google Scholar
Joki, A. J. (1974): Ossetisch und die Finnougristik (Eine Übersicht). ‟Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae” XXIV (1/4), pp. 191–196. Google Scholar
Kaczyńska, E., Witczak, K. T. (2017): Wyjątkowy bałkanizm anatolijskiego pochodzenia. “Prace Językoznawcze” XIX (3), pp. 53–69. Google Scholar
Kapantsian, G. A. / Капанцян, Г. А. (1931): Сhettо-Armeniаса. Ереван. Google Scholar
Kapantsian, G. A. / Капанцян, Г. А. (1956): Историко-лингвистические работы к начальной истории армян: Древняя Малая Азия. Ереван. Google Scholar
Karapotosoglou, K. / Καραποτόσογλου, Κ. (2005): Ετυμολογικά της δυτικής κρητικής διαλέκτου. “Λεξικογραφικόν Δελτίον” XXV, pp. 69–117. Google Scholar
Klimov, G. A. (1991): Some Thoughts on Indo-European-Kartvelian Relations. “The Journal of Indo-European Studies” XIX (3–4), pp. 325–341. Google Scholar
Klimov, G. A. (1994a): Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft. Hamburg. Google Scholar
Klimov, G. A. / Климов, Г. А. (1994b): Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков. Москва. Google Scholar
Klimov, G. A. (1998): Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages. Berlin–New York. Google Scholar
Kowalski, A. P., Rychło, M., Witczak, K. T. (2020): Is Old Norse gammi an inherited or a borrowed word?. “Скандинавская филология / Scandinavian Philology” XVIII (1), pp. 72–84. Google Scholar
Kroonen, G. (2013): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden–Boston. Google Scholar
Lidén, E. (1906): Armenische Studien. Göteborg. Google Scholar
Lubotsky, A. M. (1988): The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European. Leiden–New York–København–Köln. Google Scholar
Martirosyan, H. (2008): Studies in Armenian Etymology with Special Emphasis on Dialects and Culture: Indo-European Heritage. Leiden. Google Scholar
Martirosyan, H. K. (2009): Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon. Leiden–Boston. Google Scholar
Matasović, R. (2009): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden–Boston. Google Scholar
Menges, K. H. (1964): Zur Frage der Beziehungen zwischen den Finnougriern und Osseten. “Ural-Altaischer Jahrbücher” XXXVI, pp. 183–184. Google Scholar
Nikolayev, S. L., Starostin, S. A. (1994): A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary. Moscow. Google Scholar
Novák, L. (2010): Jaghnóbsko-český slovník. Praha. Google Scholar
Olsen, B. (1999): The Noun in Biblical Armenian: Origin and Word-Formation with Special Emphasis on the Indo-European Heritage. Berlin–New York. Google Scholar
Orfanos, V. / Ορφανός Β. (2014): Λέξεις τουρκικής προέλευσης στο κρητικό ιδίωμα (Συναγωγή απόλεξικά). Ηράκλειο. Google Scholar
Pisowicz, A., Sedojan, S., Ter-Grigorian, N. (2006): Mały słownik ormiańsko-polski, polsko-ormiański. Kraków. Google Scholar
Pokorny, J. (1959): Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern–München. Google Scholar
Puhvel, J. (1991): Hittite Etymological Dictionary. Vol. III. Berlin–New York. Google Scholar
Rastorgueva, V. S., Edelman, D. I. / Расторгуева, В. С., Эдельман, Д. И. (2007): Этимологический словарь иранских языков. Vol. III. Москва. Google Scholar
Rédei, K. (1988): Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vol. I. Budapest. Google Scholar
Stachowski, M. (2011): Teoria nostratyczna i szkoła moskiewska. „LingVaria” VI (1), pp. 241–274. Google Scholar
Shagirov, A. K. / Шагиров, А. К. (1977): Этимологический словарь адыгских (черкесских языков. Vol. I. Москва. Google Scholar
Tsabolov, R. L. / Цаболов, Р. Л. (2001): Этимологический словарь курдского языка. Vol. I. Москва. Google Scholar
Vries, J. de (1977): Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2nd edition. Leiden. Google Scholar
Walde, A., Pokorny, J. (1930): Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. Vol. I. Berlin–Leipzig. Google Scholar
Ліцензія
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
