Polityka narodowościowa i kolonialna Związku Radzieckiego w ujęciu historiografii amerykańskiej
Nationality and Colonial Policies of the Soviet Union in U.S. Historiography
Abstract
Changes in American interpretations of Soviet nationality policies have reflected broader shifts in U.S. historiography of the former U.S.S.R. Notwithstanding pro-Soviet apologists, U.S. scholars initially viewed the Soviet expansion into neighboring non-Russian lands as forced and integral to the emergence of the Soviet “party-state.” In effect, the Soviet rule, in particular outside of ethnic Russia, was perceived as brutal and often colonial in nature. The fall of the Soviet empire and resulting political relaxation, however, presented a turning point for the field, ushering in the so-called “archival revolution.” Consequently, the topic literature increasingly interpreted Soviet policies no longer as necessarily colonial but instead responsible for generating modern nationalities, or at least national categories. At the same time, the Soviet-era ideological divisions among U.S. scholars have not completely disappeared, while the more recent postmodern tendencies have affected the field in both positive and negative ways. Theoretical approaches that encourage comparative analysis and the deconstruction of analytical categories are used productively to maintain critical distance but also carry the risk of moral relativism.
Keywords:
USSR USA nationality policy colonialism historiographyReferences
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Connor, W. (1984), The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy. Princeton/ New Jersey.
Conquest, R. (1970), The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities. Londyn.
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Edgar, A. L. (2004), Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton/New Jersey.
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Gellner, E. (2008), Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca/New York.
Gouldner, A. (1977), Stalinism: A Study in Internal Colonialism. W: Telos. XXXIV, 5–48.
Hirsch, F. (2000), Toward an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities. W: The Russian Review. LIX/2, 201–226.
Hirsch, F. (2002), Race without the Practice of Racial Politics. W: Slavic Review. LXI/1, 30–43.
Hirsch, F. (2005), Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge & the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca/New York.
Hobsbawm, E. J. (2012), Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge/Massachusetts.
Holquist, P. (1997), „Conduct Merciless Mass Terror”: Decossackization on the Don, 1919. W: Cahiers du monde russe. XXXVIII/1, 127–162.
Jolluck, K. R. (2002), Exile and Identity: Polish Women in the Soviet Union During World War II. Pittsburgh/Pensylwania.
Kenez, P. (1985), The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929. Cambridge/Massachusetts.
Lewin, M. (2005), Lenin’s Last Struggle. Ann Arbor/Michigan.
Malia, M. (1994), The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991. New York.
Martin, T. D. (1988), The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing. W: The Journal of Modern History. LXX/4, 813–861.
Martin, T. D. (1999), Interpreting the new archival signals: Nationalities policy and the nature of the Soviet bureaucracy. W: Cahiers du monde russe. XL/1, 113–124.
Martin, T. D. (2001), The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca/New York.
Massell, G. J. (1974), The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919–1929. Princeton/New Jersey.
Matley, I. M. (1979), The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns. W: Slavic Review. XXXVIII/1, 1–16.
Mayer, A. J. (1964), Wilson vs. Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy 1917–1918. Cleveland/ Ohio.
Michaels, P.A. (2003), Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia. Pittsburgh/Pensylwania.
Mole, R. C. M. (2018), Introduction to „Soviet and Post-Soviet Sexualities”. W: Slavic Review. LXXVII/1, 1–5.
Nekrich, A. (1981), The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War. New York.
Northrop, D. (2004), Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca/New York.
Olcott, M. B. (1981), The Collectivization Drive in Kazakhstan. W: The Russian Review. XL/2.
Peterson, J. B. (2018), 12 Rules for Life. An Antidote to Chaos.
Pipes, R. (1997), The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923. Cambridge/Massachusetts.
Redlich, S. (2013), War, the Holocaust and Stalinism. New York.
Sahadeo, J. (2007), Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923. Bloomington/Indiana.
Scott, J. C. (1977), The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven/Connecticut.
Siegelbaum, L. H./Page Moch, L. (2016), Transnationalism in One Country? Seeing and Not Seeing Cross-Border Migration within the Soviet Union. W: Slavic Review. LXXV/4, 970–986.
Slezkine, Y. (1994a), Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North. Ithaca/New York.
Slezkine, Y. (1994b), The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism. W: Slavic Review. LIII/2, 414–452.
Snyder, T. (2003), The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. New Haven/Connecticut.
Snyder, T. (2012), Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York.
Suny, R. G. (1988), The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington/Indiana.
Suny, R. G. (1993), The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Palo Alto/Kalifornia.
ASEEES Convention Theme (2018). W: http://www.aseees.org/convention/2018-convention-theme [dostęp 11.05.2018].
Tucker, R.C. (1977), Stalinism as Revolution from Above. W: Tucker, R. C./Brus, W. (red.), Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation. New York, 77–110.
Viola, L. (1996), Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance. New York.
Weeks, T. R. (2015), Vilnius Between Nations, 1795–2000. DeKalb/Illinois.
Puchalski, P. (2019). Polityka narodowościowa i kolonialna Związku Radzieckiego w ujęciu historiografii amerykańskiej: Nationality and Colonial Policies of the Soviet Union in U.S. Historiography. Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski, 10(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.4506
