Published: 2025-12-15

From the history of Polish borderlands – political and legal disputes over Biebrza, Narew, and Neman river basins between the 14th and 16th centuries

Anna Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk
Echa Przeszłości
Section: ARTICLES
https://doi.org/10.31648/ep.12147

Abstract

The article analyzes the political and legal disputes over Biebrza, Narew, and Neman river basins between the 14th and 16th centuries, which resulted from the rivalry between the Duchy of Masovia, the Great Duchy of Lithuania, and the Teutonic Order. The area encompassed by these river basins was rich in natural resources and strategically located, which fueled numerous conflicts and negotiations shaping its political and administrative structure. In the 14th century, these territories wit­nessed armed campaigns and armistices, including with Lithuania and the Teutonic Order. Lithuanian raids and peace treaties such as the truce concluded between Casimir the Great and the Gediminids in 1352 were important political events. These conflicts led to the delineation of the border between the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania, but the disputes did not end. Beginning from the mid-14th century, the region became an arena of fierce rivalry between the Kingdom of Poland, the Duchy of Masovia, the Great Duchy of Lithuania, and the Teutonic Order. Armed conflict frequently broke out in the regions of Drohiczyn and Brest and in the forests of former Yotvingian lands, and Teu­tonic raids further contributed to depopulation and destabilization. Following the Treaty of Melno (1422) and the Union of Horodło (1413), these territories were incorporated into the Great Duchy of Lithuania, but ethnic and economic divisions continued to generate tension. These regions were colonized by Radziwiłł and Gasztołd families, who frequently violated the boundaries defined by royal grants. The land disputes between these noble families and the royal administration were brought before the court and led to the establishment of new boundaries. The rivalry over Biebrza, Narew, and Neman River basins was the key element of expansionist policies and border formation processes in Eastern Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. The article underscores the significance of these territories for economic development and settlement, and examines how diverse political and economic interests shaped their territorial allegiance.

Keywords:

Great Duchy of Lithuania, borderland, conflict, politics, economy

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Citation rules

Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk, A. (2025). From the history of Polish borderlands – political and legal disputes over Biebrza, Narew, and Neman river basins between the 14th and 16th centuries. Echa Przeszłości, (XXVI/2), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.31648/ep.12147

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