Personalizing Emoji Meaning and Use in Digital Communication

Anita Buczek-Zawiła

Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-0219


Abstract

Communication via digital media is characterized by growing use of graphic elements employed to convey emotions and concepts in a succinct form, especially in interpersonal interactions. Emoji are naturally ambiguous in meaning, which undergoes various modifications. One way of incorporating emoji into interpersonal communication is repurposing their meaning and use, so that a shared personal meaning develops between individual users or within small groups. The article explores novel and unique applications of certain emoji in an independent (conceptual) replication study of Wiseman and Gould’s work (2018). The present study analyzes the data obtained via a web-based survey in a group of 132 respondents aged 17 to 55+ to subsequently get to know their motivations behind the repurposed use of emoji. It is demonstrated how this adaptation of graphic icons helps people express their likes and preferences, romantic feelings, amusement, and, as a result, can aid users in building closer relationships in micro-communities. In essence, the article is intended to contribute to a better understanding of emoji use in multimodal interpersonal communication.


Keywords:

emoji, repurposing meaning and use, text tone analysis, interpersonal communication


Aldunate N., González-Ibáñez R. (2017): An Integrated Review of Emoticons in Computer-Mediated Communication. „Frontiers in Psychology” 7, pp. 1–6.   Google Scholar

Bai Q., Dan Q., Mu Z., Yang M. (2019): A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives. „Frontiers in Psychology” 10, pp. 1–16.   Google Scholar

Bhunjun A. (2018): What do the aubergine and peach emoji mean? , accessed:12.02.2022.   Google Scholar

Butterworth S.E., Giuliano T., White J., Cantu L. (2019): Sender Gender Influences Emoji Interpretation in Text Messages. „Frontiers in Psychology” 10(784), pp. 1–5.   Google Scholar

Dressner E., Herring S.C. (2010): Functions of the Nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and Illocutionary Force. „Communication Theory” 20, pp. 249–268.   Google Scholar

Garrison A., Remley D., Thomas P., Wierszewski E. (2011): Conventional Faces: Emoticons in Instant Messaging Discourse. „Computers and Composition” 28, pp. 112–125.   Google Scholar

Guntuku S.C., Li M., Tay L., Ungar L. (2019): Studying Cultural Differences in Emoji Usage across the East and the West. [In:] Proceedings of the Thirteenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, pp. 226–234,   Google Scholar

ICWSM/article/view/3224>, accessed: 12.10.2023.   Google Scholar

Kelly R., Watts L.A. (2015): Characterising the inventive appropriation of emoji as relationally meaningful in mediated close personal relationships. Paper presented at Experiences of Technology Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design.   Google Scholar

Oslo, Norway.   Google Scholar

Koch T.T., Romero P., Stachl C. (2022): Age and gender in language, emoji, and emoticon usage in instant messages. „Computers in Human Behaviour” 126, pp. 1–12.   Google Scholar

Li L., Yang Y. (2018): Pragmatic functions of emoji in internet-based communication – a corpus based study. „Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education” 3, pp. 1–12.   Google Scholar

Liu S., Sun R. (2020): To Express or to End? Personality Traits are Associated with the reasons and Patterns of Using Emoji and Stickers. „Frontiers in Psychology” 11, pp. 1–11.   Google Scholar

Oleszkiewicz A., Karwowski M., Pisanski K., Sorokowski P., Sobrado B., Sorokowska A. (2017): Who uses emoticons? Data from 86702 Facebook users. „Personality and Individual Differences” 119, pp. 289–295.   Google Scholar

Pang B., Lee L. (2008): Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. „Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval” 2(1–2), pp. 1–135.   Google Scholar

Peels R. (2019): Replicability and replication in the humanities. „Research Integrity and Peer Review” 4, 2, , accessed: 10.12.2021.   Google Scholar

Prada M., Rodrigues D., Garrido M., Lopes D., Cavalheiro B., Gaspar R. (2018): Motives, frequency and attitudes toward emoji and emoticon use. „Telematics and Informatics” 35, pp. 1925–1934.   Google Scholar

Riordan M.A. (2017): Emojis as Tools for Emotion Work: Communicating Affect in Text Messages. „Journal of Language and Social Psychology” 36, pp. 549–567.   Google Scholar

Skovholt K., Grønning A., Kankaanranta A. (2014): The Communicative Functions of Emoticons in Workplace E-Mails: :-). „Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication” 19, pp. 780–797.   Google Scholar

Thomson D., Filik R. (2016): Sarcasm in Written Communication: Emoticons are Efficient Markers of Intention. „Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication” 21, pp. 105–120.   Google Scholar

Togans L.C.J.J., Holtgraves T., Kwon G., Morales Zelaya T.E. (2021): Digitally saving face: An experimental investigation of cross-cultural differences in the use of emoticons and emoji. „Journal of Pragmatics” 186, pp. 277–288.   Google Scholar

Völkel S.T., Buschek D., Pranjic J., Hussmann H. (2019): Understanding Emoji Interpretation through User Personality and Message Context. [In:] MobileHCI ’19: Proceddings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. 3, pp.1–12, , accessed: 10.12.2021.   Google Scholar

Walther J.B. (2011): Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. [In:] The SAGE Handbook of Interpersonal Communication. M.L. Knapp & J.A. Daly (eds). Los Angeles, pp. 443–479.   Google Scholar

Wang W., Zhao Y., Qiu L., Zhu Y. (2014): Effects of Emoticons on the Acceptance of Negative Feedback in Computer Mediated Communication. „Journal of the Association for Information Systems” 15, pp. 454–483.   Google Scholar

Wiseman S., Gould S.J. (2018): Repurposing emoji for personalised communication: Why [pizza slice] means ‘I love you’. [In:] Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 152, pp. 1–10, , accessed: 09.12.2021.   Google Scholar


Published
2024-06-30

Cited by

Buczek-Zawiła, A. (2024). Personalizing Emoji Meaning and Use in Digital Communication. Prace Językoznawcze, 26(2), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.31648/pj.10145

Anita Buczek-Zawiła 
Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-0219