The evolution of terrorism in Russia in the years 2015-2022. Quantitative analysis of the phenomenon
Marta Stempień
University of SiedlceAbstract
In the years 2015-2021, Russia’s rank in Global Terrorism Index became lower every year. In 2015 and 2016, it was classified as third among the European countries, behind Ukraine and France. In the following period (2017-2021), the United Kingdom also found itself ahead of Russia, which fell to the fourth position. The present article has the form of a quantitative analysis. The research goal is to identify trends related to terrorism that take place in the Russian Federation in the years 2015-2022 (in some parts, the analysis covers the time span between 2015 and 2021, due to lack of data). According to the hypothesis: The phenomenon of terrorism in Russia is closely related to the activities of jihadist organizations, and groups with a different profile pose a marginal threat. Quantitative analysis of the attacks conducted in the analyzed period will enable the verification of the hypothesis and determine the prospects for the development of this aspect.
Keywords:
Russian Federation, Terrorism, Jihadism, Far-Right Terrorism, North CaucasusReferences
Agence France-Presse (2017), IS claims deadly attack on FSB office in Russia. April 22. In: https:// www.financialexpress.com/world-news/is-claims-deadly-attack-on-fsb-office-in-russia/637601/ (accessed: 20.04.2021). Google Scholar
Andrésen, R-I. V. (2001), Terrorism and organised crime in post-Soviet Russia. FFI Report. In: https:// ffi-publikasjoner.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12242/2452/01-03417. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed: 20.04.2021). Google Scholar
Anemone, A. (ed.) (2010), Just Assassins: The Culture of Terrorism in Russia. Evanston. Google Scholar
BBC News (2015), Dagestan gunmen kill one at south Russia fortress, December 30. In: https:// www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35198059 (accessed: 29.06.2022). Google Scholar
Bjørgo, T. | Ravndal, J. A. (2019), Extreme-right violence and terrorism: Concepts, patterns, and responses.International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.In: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/ resrep19624.pdf Google Scholar
Bunyan, R. | Matthews, C. | Stewart, W. (2021), Covid-19 conspiracy theorist shoots dead two people and wounds four after he was asked to put a mask on in Moscow public services building. In: Daily Mail Online. December 7. In: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10284597/ Gunman-kills-two-people-wounds-four-asked-mask-Moscow-public-building.html (accessed: 20.06.2022). Google Scholar
Deutsche Welle (2017), Alleged neo-Nazi gunman attacks Russian intelligence office. April 21. In: https://www.dw.com/en/alleged-neo-nazi-gunman-attacks-russian-intelligence-office/ a-38541221 (accessed: 20.04.2021). Google Scholar
Elgot, J. | Johnston, C. | Khalil, J. (2015), Russian passenger plane crashes in Egypt’s Sinai – latest, The Guardian. 31 October. In: https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/oct/31/ russian-passenger-plane-crashes-in-egypts-sinai-live (accessed: 14.05.2021). Google Scholar
Enstad, J. D. (2018), Terrorism and Violence in Putin’s Russia. In: Perspectives on Terrorism. 12(6), 89-103. Google Scholar
Euronews (2020), Russian police officer killed in knife attack in Chechnya, December 28. In: https:// www.euronews.com/2020/12/28/russian-police-officer-killed-in-knife-attack-in-chechnya (accessed: 20.06.2022). Google Scholar
Federal’naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii (2023). In: http://www.fsb.ru/fsb/npd/ terror.htm (accessed: 09.04.2023). Google Scholar
Gaub, F. (2017), Trends in terrorism. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). In: https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/ resources/docs/EUISS-Alert_4_Terrorism_in_Europe.pdf Google Scholar
Geifman, A. (1995) Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917. Princeton. Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2015), Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/11/2015-Global-Terrorism-Index-Report.pdf Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2016), Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: http://economicsandpeace.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/ Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2017), Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ Global%20Terrorism%20Index%202017%20%284%29.pdf Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2018), Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/12/ Global-Terrorism-Index-2018–1.pdf Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2019), Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ GTI-2019web.pdf Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2020), Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/11/GTI-2020-web-1.pdf Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (2022), Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism. The Institute for Economics and Peace. In: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/ uploads/2022/03/GTI-2022-web-04112022.pdf Google Scholar
Goldbaum, C. (2022), Two Killed at Russian Embassy in Kabul. In: The New York Times. 9. Google Scholar
Grabowski, T. (2021), Terroryzm islamski jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa państw Europy Wschodniej. In: Przegląd Policyjny. 142 (2), 73-99. Google Scholar
Hahn, G. M.(2007), Russia’s Islamic threat. New Haven | London. Google Scholar
Institute for Economics & Peace (2022), The Ukraine Russia Crisis: Terrorism Briefing, Sydney, March. In: http://visionofhumanity.org/resources (accessed: 30.06.2022). Google Scholar
Jamestown Foundation (2017), The ‘Khasavyurt Group’: A New Watershed of Islamic State Activity in Dagestan In: Terrorism Monitor. 15(3). In: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58a31ccb4.html (accessed: 26.11.2022). Google Scholar
Juergensmeyer, M. (2006), Religion as a Cause of Terrorism. In: Richardson, L. (ed.), The Roots of Terrorism, New York: Routledge, 133–144. Google Scholar
Kaszuba, M. | Stempień, M. S. (2022), Terrorism in Post-Soviet Space. Comparative Analysis of the Phenomenon in the Former Soviet Republics After 2014. In: Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski. XIII(1), 93-110. Google Scholar
Klimentov, V.A. (2021), Bringing the war home: the strategic logic of ‘North Caucasian terrorism’ in Russia. In: Small Wars & Insurgencies. 32(2), 374-408. Google Scholar
National Antiterrorism Committee (2006), Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 6 „On Counteraction Against Terrorism”. In: http://en.nac.gov.ru/federal-law-no-35-fz-6-march-2006-counteraction-against-terrorism.html (accessed: 09 IV 2023). Google Scholar
National Antiterrorism Committee (2006), Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 6 “On Counteraction Against Terrorism”. In: http://en.nac.gov.ru/federal-law-no-35-fz-6-march-2006-counteraction-against-terrorism.html Google Scholar
Orttung, R.W. | Latta, A. (2008), Russia’s battle with crime, corruption and terrorism. London | New York. Google Scholar
Pokalova, E. (2015), Chechnya’s terrorist network: The evolution of terrorism in Russia’s North Caucasus. Santa Barbara | California. Google Scholar
Ratelle North, J.-F. (2016), Caucasian foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq: assessing the threat of returnees to the Russian Federation. In: Caucasus Survey. 4(3), 218-238. Google Scholar
Russia (2022), Global Terrorism Database. In: https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results. aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&country=202&ob= GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table (accessed: 26.11. 2022). Google Scholar
Seib, A. (2018), Wilayat al-Qawkaz-The Islamic State in the North Caucasus. Frames, Strategies and Credibility of Radical Islamist Propaganda Videos. In: Journal for Deradicalization. 15, 151-196. Google Scholar
Topham, G. | Weaver, M. | Luhn, A. (2015), Egypt plane crash: Russia says jet was bombed in terror attack. The Guardian. November 17. In: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/17/ egypt-plane-crashbomb-jet-russia-security-service (accessed: 27.11.2022). Google Scholar
Verkhovsky, A. (2016), Radical nationalists from the start of Medvedev’s presidency to the war in Donbas: True till death? In: Kolstø, P. | Blakkisrud, H. (eds.), The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-2015. Edinburgh, 75-103. Google Scholar
Yakhshiboev, U. (2017), Radicalization Among Muslim Minorities and State Response to Terrorism: Comparative Analysis of Britain and Russia. The European Centre for Minority. 101. In: https:// www.ecmi.de/publications/ecmi-research-papers/101-radicalization-among-muslim-minorities-and-state-response-to-terrorism-comparative-analysis-of-britain-and-russia Google Scholar
University of Siedlce
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Malina Kaszuba, Marta Stempień, Terrorism in post-Soviet space. Comparative analysis of the phenomenon in the former Sovi-et republics after 2014 , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 13 No. 1 (2022): East European Review
Similar Articles
- Roman Gawarkiewicz, The war narrative of the President of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the mental space generated by V. Putin in speeches to the nation , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 15 No. 2 (2024): East European Review
- Michel Constantini, On the nature and artifact (nine woven fragments). Hommage to Francisco Infante , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 9 No. 1 (2018): East European Review
- Roman Jurkowski, 10 years of „Tawriczeskije Cztienija” in St. Petersburg. Scientific Activity of the Center for the History of Parliamentarism (2007–2016) , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 8 No. 2 (2017): East European Review
- Malina Kaszuba, The concept of war of the Russian Federation. Military instruments in the Russian power policy in 2014 , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 14 No. 2 (2023): East European Review
- Aliya Nassyrova, Functioning Kazakh lеxical units in the Russian speech of the residents of Kazakhstan , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 9 No. 2 (2018): East European Review
- Michał Głuszkowski, Institutional support of intergenerational transmission of minority language (on the example of Russian Old Believers in Poland) , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 12 No. 1 (2021): East European Review
- Iwona Anna Ndiaye, The image of Poland in the Russian immigrant press: according to the materials of “Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya” («La Russie illustrée», 1924-1939) , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024): East European Review
- Andrej Artemov, Axiology of “Russian“ in the prose of Jaroslav Rudiš , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 11 No. 2 (2020): Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
- Tatiana Kaminskaya, Values explication in the Russian media discourse: columnist and adressat , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 8 No. 2 (2017): East European Review
- Elizaveta Kotorova, Text-specific kinds of word formation in Russian and German (a comparative study of fictional and factual texts) , Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski: Vol. 14 No. 2 (2023): East European Review
<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
