Dynamics of Messianic Movements in Africa. Case study of the population of Lower Congo Basin
Jacek Jan Pawlik
Katedra Nauk o Rodzinie, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, ul. Hozjusza 15, 11-041 Olsztynhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-9976
Abstract
The article deals with churches and religious groups that arose in Africa on the basis of Christianity in the 20th century, taking as example the case of the Lower Congo Basin. Initially, it was a protest against racial segregation and colonial exploitation. Emerging independent churches were often a forge of nascent nationalisms. Enlivened by a messianic spirit, they promised a better future with independence. Over time, these churches institutionalized and gained independence, but this did not mean the promised bright reality. On the contrary, the crisis of the 1980s and 1990s has increased poverty and challenged existing development. New neo-Pentecostal religious movements that preach theology of prosperity and practical salvation are developing on this ground of poverty. They preach that it is possible to get out of poverty only through personal conversion and religious commitment. Due to the great popularity of these movements, independent African churches were forced to adapt significantly.
Keywords:
new religious movements, Messianism, African Independent Churches, Khakism, Kimbanguism, MatswanismReferences
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Balandier Georges, 1955, Sociologie actuelle de l’Afrique noire, P.U.F., Paris.
Balandier Georges, 1970, Życie codzienne w państwie Kongo (XVI–XVIII w.), przeł. Eligia Bąkowska, PIW, Warszawa.
Barrett David B., 1968, Schism and Renvewal in Africa. An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary Religious Movements, Oxford University Press, London.
Bernard Guy, 1970, Diversité des nouvelles Églises congolaises, Cahiers d‘Études Afri¬caines, t. 10, nr 38, s. 203–227.
Buijtenhuijs, Robert, 1976, Messianisme et Nationalisme en Afrique Noire: Une remise en question, African Perspectives, t. 2, s. 25–44.
Bureau René, 1984, Messianismes nouveaux en Afrique noire, w: Paul Poupard (red.), Dictionnaire des religions, P.U.F., Paris, s. 1000–1001.
Dianteill Erwan, 2017/2018, Dynamique du sacré. Georges Balandier et la religion, cArgo. Revue internationale d’anthropologie culturelle et sociale, nr 6–7, s. 255–256, www.cargo.canthel.fr (12.07.2018).
Fernandez James W., 1964, African Religious Movements – Types and Dynamics, The Journal of Modern African Studies, t. 2, z. 4, s. 531–549.
Gampiot Aurélien Makoko, 2014, Kimbanguism. An African Initiated Church, Scriptu¬ra, t. 113, s. 1–11.
Gifford Paul, 2004, Ghana’s New Christianity. Pentecostalism in a Globalising African Economy, Hurst and Company, London.
Gluckman Max, 1947, Malinowski’s ‘Functional’ Analysis of Social Change, Africa, t. 17, s.103–121.
Grodź Stanisław SVD, 2010, „Przyjmij twój sukces!” Atrakcyjność neopentekostalnego wymiaru chrześcijaństwa w Ghanie, Roczniki Teologii Fundamentalnej i Religiolo¬gii, t. 2(57), s. 121–136.
Hoskins Richard, 2006, Kimbangu, Simon, w: Peter B. Clarke (red.), Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, Routledge, London, s. 327–328.
Kaczyński Grzegorz J., 1979, Bunt i religia w Afryce Czarnej. Z badań nad ruchami religijnymi w Zairze, Ossolineum, Wrocław.
Kaczyński Grzegorz J., 1994, Czarny chrystianizm. Ze studiów nad ruchami afrochrze¬ścijańskimi, PWN, Warszawa.
Kaczyński Grzegorz J., 2012, Religious Movements in Africa as Expression of the Sacral Trauma. The Explanatory Approach Reconsidered, Hemispheres, t. 27, s. 5–19.
Kouvouame Abel, 2002, Les énoncés du croire dans les messianismes en Afrique, Col¬lège International de Philosophie «Rue Descartes», t. 2, nr 36, s. 151–166.
Kowalak Władysław SVD, 1998, Religie synkretyczne, Nurt SVD, t. 32, nr 4 (83), s. 1–136.
Kowalik Marek SVD, 2002, Community and Leadership within the Charismatic Minis¬tries in Ghana, Pontificiae Universitatis Gregorianae, Romae.
Lanternari Vittorio, 1965, Syncrétismes, messianismes, néo-traditionalismes: Postface à une étude des mouvements religieux de l’Afrique Noire, Archives de sociologie des religions, t. 10, nr 19, s. 99–116.
Lanternari, Vittorio, 1985, Revolution and/or Integration in African Socio-religious Movements, w: Bruce Lincoln (red.), Religion, Rebellion, Revolution. An interdisci¬plinary and cross-cultural collection of essays, MacMillan, London, s. 129–156.
MacGaffey Wyatt, 1994, Kimbanguism and the Question of Syncretism in Zaire, w: Thomas D. Blakely, Walter E. van Beek, Dennis L. Thomson (red.), Religion in Africa. Experience and Expression, James Currey, London, s. 241–256.
Malinowski Bronisław, 1945, The Dynamics of Cultural Change. An Inquiry into Race Relations in Africa, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Melice Anne, 2001, Le kimbanguisme: une millénarisme dynamique de la terre aux cieux, Bulletin des séances – Académie royale des sciences d’outre-mer, 47, s. 35–54.
Ranger Terence O., 1986, Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa, African Studies Review, t. 29, nr 2, s. 1–69.
Sarró Ramon, Blandes Ruy, Viergas Fátima, 2008, La guerre dans la paix. Ethnicité et angolanité dans l’Église kimbanguiste de Luanda, Politique Africaine, nr 110, s. 84–101.
Tonda Joseph, 2002, Economie des miracles et dynamiques de “subjectivation/civiliza¬tion” en Afrique Centrale, Politique africaine, nr 87, s. 20–44.
Turner Harald W., 1981, The Way Forward in the Religious Study of African Primal Religions, Journal of Religion in Africa, t. 12, nr 1, s. 1–15.
Young Eric, 1999, Matsoua, André, w: Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., (red.), Africana. The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experi¬ence, Basic Civitas Books, New York, s. 1265.
Zajączkowski Andrzej, 1970, Muntu dzisiaj. Studium afrykanistyczne, PIW, Warszawa.
Pawlik, J. J. (2020). Dynamics of Messianic Movements in Africa. Case study of the population of Lower Congo Basin. Studia Warmińskie, 57, 383–400. https://doi.org/10.31648/sw.4988
Jacek Jan Pawlik
Katedra Nauk o Rodzinie, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, ul. Hozjusza 15, 11-041 Olsztyn
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-9976
Katedra Nauk o Rodzinie, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, ul. Hozjusza 15, 11-041 Olsztyn
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-9976
