The theory of motion which constitutes the main attribute of matter, giving it, at the same time, certain divine features, used to be the leading theme of the ideas cultivated by Heraclitus and the Millesians. Those thinkers associated motion with life and, acting accordingly to their own assumptions, attributed the features of a divine creature to the real world, which confirmed their idea of pantheism. In the assumptions of the millesean school of thinking as well as in Heraclitus’s works one can spot considerable traits of typical panacosmic (naturalistic) pantheism that identifies the idea of God with the world.
The revelations of the founder of the Eleatic school of thinking – Parmenides stood in opposition to the way of thinking presented by Heraclitus. The way in which Parmenides started his research on existence is worth mentioning because it makes his ideas revolutionary in the field of philosophy, putting him at the same time in the position of a heretic of naturalism. The acosmic pantheism presented by Permenides cannot be described as nature – respect oriented since it reaches far beyond it, barely noticing its presence.
Permenides was a founder of a purely speculative kind of philosophy, based on formal rules of thinking, limiting considerably the interest in nature. Plato, being a continuator of the speculative considerations, and having a great influence over his follower, in some ways created a type of philosophical thought line cultivated in late antiquity and middle ages. Those thinkers who were inspired by him got involved in quest for the world of ideas and transcendence, leaving the sensual reality – the environment that is closest to our experience – behind.
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