Jerusalem in Maran Atha by Johann Gottfried Herder (1779)
Marek Karczewski
Katedra Nauk Biblijnych i Historycznych, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, ul. Hozjusza 15, 11-041 Olsztynhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-3832
Abstract
The subject of the presented paper is Jerusalem in Maran Atha by Johann Gottfried Herder (1779). J.G. Herder (1744-1803) is one of the outstanding figures of our region. The contemporary academic discussion concerning his achievements and significance predominantly consists of studies related to his work as a philosopher, cultural anthropologist, linguist and theologian. Herder‘s less known works include a commentary to the Revelation of St. John, Maran Atha. Das Buch von der Zukunft der Herrn, des Neuen Testaments Siegel, published in Riga in 1779. An important feature of the commentary is his interpretation of a series of texts from the Revelation as a harbinger of the events of the Jewish war (66-70), with a particular emphasis on circumstances accompanying the fall of Jerusalem in 70. Herder used this thought to interpret Rev 12-19, claiming that the apocalyptic Babylon is actually not Rome, but sinful Jerusalem. On the other hand, Herder points to the specific, prophetic nature of the language used in the Revelation. For Herder, the New Jerusalem, symbolising the community of the redeemed, provides an antithesis of the fallen Jerusalem. The fulfilment of the prophecy concerning the fall of Jerusalem during the battles with the Romans was aimed at strengthening the faith of Christian followers in their anticipation of the Parousia. The paper presents Herder’s reasons underlying his original interpretation of the Revelation. It briefly presents Revelation texts which, according to the author, referred to the stage preceding the destruction of Jerusalem, its downfall and revival in the symbolic heavenly Jerusalem. It also quotes responses of Herder’s contemporaries analysing the publication of Maran Atha, and questions the significance of Herder’s views in the perspective of modern exegetical research on the Revelation. The content of the paper provides a contribution to further, detailed source studies on the original Biblical hermeneutics of this author.
Keywords:
Johann Gottfried Herder, Maran Atha (1779), biblical exegesis in the Enlightenment, hermeneutics in Rev, Jerusalem in RevReferences
Herder Johann G. 1785, Briefe, das Studium der Theologie, Teil II, Zweyte verbesserte Auflage, C.L. Hoffmanns, Weimar.
Herder Johann G., 1779, Maran Atha. Das Buch von der Zukunft des Herrn, des Neuen Testaments Siegel, J.G. Hartknoch, Riga.
Johann G. Müller (ed.), 1829, Johannes Offenbarung von Johann Gottfried Herder, Gottasche Buchhandlung, Stuttgart – Tübingen.
Komentarze:
Abauzit Firmin, 1770, Discours historique sur l’Apocalipse, [b.w.] London.
Aune David E., 1997, Revelation 1-5, Word Biblical Commentary 52a, Nelson, Nashville.
Berthold Leonhard, 1814, Schriften des alten und neuen Testaments, J.J. Palm, Erlangen.
De Wette Wilhelm M.L, 1848, Kurze Erklärung der Offenbarung Johannis, Weidenmann, Leipzig.
Eichhorn Johann G., 1791, Commentarius in Apocalypsin Joannis, vol. II, Typis J.Ch Dietrich, Gottingae.
Eichhorn Johann G., 1811, Einleitung in das Neue Testament, II, 2, Weidemann, Leipzig.
Grotius Hugolin, 1830, Annotationes in Novum Testamentum, vol. VIII, W. Zuidema, Groningae.
Joannis Harduini e Societate Jesu Commentarius in Novum Testamentum, 1741, H. Du Sauzet, Amsterdam.
Harrenberg Johann Ch., 1759, Erklärung der Offenbarung Johannis, Meyrische Buchhandlung, Braunschweig.
Hartwig Franz G., 1780-1783, Apologie der Apokalypse wider falschen Tadel und falsches Lob, Teil I-IV, J.Ch. Stößel, Chemnitz.
Lücke Friedrich, 1832, Commentar über die Schriften des Evangelisten Johannes. IV Theil, I Band. Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannis, Weber, Bonn.
Planck Gottlieb J., 1844, Introduction to Sacred Philology and Intepretation, Clark, Edinburgh.
Stuart Moses, 1845, Commentary on the Apocalypse, Vol. I, Newman, New York 1845.
Waibel Alois A.,1834, Auslegung der Offenbarung des heiligen Apostels Johannes, Kollmann, Augsburg.
Wojciechowski Michał, 2012, Apokalipsa świętego Jana, Nowy Komentarz Biblijny Nowy Testament XX, Święty Paweł, Częstochowa.
Züllig Friedrich J., 1834, Johannes des Gottesbesprachten, eschatologische Geschichte, E. Schweitzerbart, Stuttgart.
Opracowania:
Beale Gregory K., 2006, The Purpose of Symbolism in the Book of Revelation, Calvin Theological Journal nr 41, s. 53-66.
Biguzzi Giancarlo, 2001, Interpretazione antiromana e antigerosolimitana di Babilonia in Ap, Rivista Biblica Italiana nr 49, s. 173-201.
Deutsch Cornelia, 1987, Transformation of Symbols: the New Jerusalem in Rev 21,1-22,5, Zeitschrift für Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft nr 78, s. 106-126.
Gerhards Meik, Herder, Johann Gottfried, 2016, s. 1-38, http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/stichwort/46886/ (dostęp 28.02.2019).
Hoeck Andreas (2003), The descent of the New Jerusalem. A discourse analysis of Rev 21,1—22,5, Peter Lang, Bern.
Karczewski Marek, 2010, Reinterpretacja Księgi Rodzaju w Apokalipsie św. Jana, Biblioteka Wydziału Teologii 55, Wydział Teologii UWM, Olsztyn.
Karczewski Marek, 2018, Messages to the Seven Churches in Johannes Offenbarung by Johann Gottfried Herder, Studia Elbląskie nr 19, s. 261-276.
Kiejza Andrzej, 1999, Hermeneutyka Apokalipsy kilka przydatnych uściśleń, Collectanea Theologica nr 65 z. 4, s. 23-38.,
Hirsch Emil G., 1909, High Priest, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7689-high-priest# (dostęp 9.02.2019).
Kohler Daniela, 2015, Eschatologie und Soteriologie in der Dichtung. Johann Caspar Lavater im Wettstreit mit Klopstock und Herder, de Gruyter, Berlin-München-Boston.
Linke Waldemar, 2005, Jerozolima jako miejsce i uczestnik sądu Bożego w Apokalipsie, Rozprawy i Studia Biblijne 18, Vocatio, Warszawa.
Mathewson David, 2003, A New Heaven and a New Earth: The Meaning and Function of the Old Testament in Revelation 21:1-22:55, Sheffield Academic Press, London-New York.
Naimska Małgorzata, Annasz II Młodszy, http://www.jhi.pl/psj/Annasz_II_Mlodszy (dostęp 9.02.2019).
Schürer Emil, 1886, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, Teil II, Hinirichs, Leipzig.
Witkowski S., 2012, „Wielki Babilon” w Janowej Apokalipsie jako kryptonim imperialnego Rzymu oraz wrogiego Bogu świata, La Salette, Kraków.
Katedra Nauk Biblijnych i Historycznych, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, ul. Hozjusza 15, 11-041 Olsztyn
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-3832
