Koncepcja broni hybrydowej w konflikcie hybrydowym na przykładzie użycia przez Federację Rosyjską broni energetycznej przeciwko europejskim sojusznikom Ukrainy
Radosław Fordoński
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie UWMhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8127-5986
Abstract
Russia has used energy supplies as a weapon to influence and coerce its neighbours and perceived enemies since 1990, recently, against the European members of the Ukraine Defence Contact Group since April 2022. The research aim of this study is a legal assessment of the Russian instrument of energy blackmail from the perspective of the law of armed conflict and the law on the use of force in inter-State relations. The analysis introduces notions of hybrid conflict, hybrid weapons and energy weapons. An intermediate concept between hybrid threats and hybrid warfare, hybrid conflict does not meet the treaty definition of an armed conflict as it replaces armed violence-based methods of warfare with a cognitive mechanism of disruption and manipulation. A hybrid weapon is a non-military instrument of cost manipulation in a hybrid conflict that is understood as an interplay of economic interests instead of a clash of military potentials. It constitutes a means of warfare in the meaning of the law of armed conflict or a threat of force prohibited under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Classified as a “hybrid interference,” a “hybrid weapon” violates principles of sovereign equality and non-intervention. An energy weapon involves manipulation of an adversary’s economic interests by both strategic corruption and blackmail due to its potential influence on business and political spheres.
Keywords:
law of armed conflict, law on use of force in international relations, hybrid conflict, hybrid weapon, weaponisation of energy supplies, energy weaponReferences
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Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie UWM
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8127-5986
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