ST. MAXIMUS THE GREEK (MIHAIL TRIVOLIS, ARTA, CA. 1470–MAKSIM GREK, MOSCOW, 1556): AN INSIGHT INTO HIS PERSONAL EUCHOLOGY
Abstrakt
This text establishes a foundation for the argument that Maximus the Greek dedicated his life’s work to safeguarding and upholding ancient principles for individual spiritual practices, in opposition to the influence and control of the state and imperial authority. This task was accomplished through both his work as a translator and the author of sacred devotional texts and hymns associated with Byzantine hymnography and the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition. Notably, it is his inner veneration of the Holy Theotokos that marks the primary sensibility of the defence of this intense, inwardly-focused faith in direct communion with the Divine. Maxim’s defence of the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition was accomplished by the special guidance of the Holy Spirit as his personal internal principle that he used not only in the prayer (hesychastic, ascetical) and in the theological works (hagiographical, liturgical) but also in philological works (of editing, translating, redacting), and especially in exegetical texts. Therefore, the strong Byzantine patristic and monastic thought as the basis of his contemplative practice, formed in the years spent at the Holy Mount Athos, in the Holy Monastery of Vatopaidi, was the most important source of his authentic and divinely inspired, original Orthodox theology.
Detailed consideration is especially given to his prayers. Among them, the most important place is reserved for “The Kanon to the Holy and Divine Spirit Parakletos”, which reflects several possible influences, such as the Akathystos hymn, the Great Kanon, and the individual canon, as was St. Constantin’s Kanon to St. Demetrius, all of which confirm the very archaic Byzantine and Slavonic sources that properly could serve Maxim for his Old Church Slavonic linguistic basis. Thus, his prayer is a highly original, monastic and deeply personal work that bears witness to his ascetic (hesychastic) practice. All of this tends to confirm that his grammatical and linguistic view of the Old Church Slavonic language was shaped well before his entrance to Muscovite Russia and that not only was he unjustly accused of heretical mistakes (and thereby imprisoned), was, more importantly, in Russia almost entirely and, possibly intentionally misunderstood. Nevertheless, and despite his suffering, until the end of his life, Maxim argued that his use of Slavonic language was spiritually guided and, therefore, sacred.
Słowa kluczowe:
Byzantine monasticism, The Holy Mount Athos, St. Maximus the Greek, asceticism, hesychasm, Old Church SlavonicInstytucje finansujące
Bibliografia
Bardy, Gustave, 1926, Melchisedech dans la tradition patristique, Revue biblique 35, p. 496-509. Google Scholar
Behr, John, 2004, The Nicene Faith I, New York, St Vladimir’s Seminary Press. Google Scholar
Bornert, René, 1966, Les commentaires byzantine de la Divine liturgie du VIIe au XVe siècle, Paris, Institut français d’études byzantines. Google Scholar
Cunningham, Mary B., 2010, The glossary, in: Mary B. Cunningham and Elizabeth Theokritoff (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology, Cambridge, Cambridge Univrsity Press, p. 293-294. Google Scholar
Denissoff, Élia, 1943, Maxime le Grec et l’Occident, Paris–Louvain. Google Scholar
Duval, Yves-Marie, 1974, L'originalité du »De virginibus« dans le mouvement ascetique occidental: Ambroise, Cyprien, Athanase, in: Ambroise de Milan: Dix études Y.-M. Duval (ed.), Paris, p. 9–66. Google Scholar
Efrem, Kutsu, archimandrite, Svjatoj Maksim Grek kak vatopedski monah, in: Rossija-Afon: tysjacheletie duhovnogo edinstva, Мaterialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-bogoslovskoj konferentsii, Moskva 2006, p. 286-295. Google Scholar
Graikon Maksimon Agion, 2017, Apanta Agion Maksimon Graikon, tomos 4, Iera Megiste Mone Vatopaidion. Google Scholar
Grek, Maksim, prep., 2014, Sochinenia, t. II, Moskva. Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman, 1985, Selected Writings, vol. VI, Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads, part 1, ed. S. Rudy, Berlin–New-York–Amsterdam 1985 Google Scholar
Jugie, Martin, 1974, Homélies Mariales byzantines, Patrologia orientalis tome XIX – fasc. 3 – No. 93, textes grecs édités et traduits en latin, Martin Jugie (ed.), Belgique, Turnhout, Brepols. Google Scholar
Kazimova, Galina A., 2006, Kanon moleben k božestvennomu i poklanjaemomu Paraklitu prepodobnogo Maksima Greka: k voprosu ob atribucii i funkcional’noj transformacii teksta, in: Lingvisticheskoe istochnikovedenie i istorija russkogo jazyka (2004–2005), Moskva, p. 281–294. Google Scholar
Kretski, Andrej, 2013, Véliki kánon, ed. Gorazd Kocijančič, Ljubljana, Kud Logos. Google Scholar
Laurent, Vitalien, 1958, Le rituel de la proscomidie et le métropolite de Crète Élie, in: Revue des études byzantines, tome 16, Mèlanges Sévérien Salaville, p. 116-142. Google Scholar
Louth, Andrew, 1996, Maximus the Confessor (The Early Church Fathers), London, Rothledge. Google Scholar
Louth, Andrew, 2014, “Di inizio in inizio”: il progresso spirituale continuo in Gregorio di Nissa, in: Le età della vita spirituale, Atti del XXI Convegno ecumenico internazionale di spiritualita ortodossa, Bose, 4-7 settembre 2013, Luigi d’Ayala Valva, Lisa Cremaschi, Adalberto Mainardi monaci (ed.), Bose edizioni, communita di Bose. Google Scholar
Runciman, Steven, 2006, The Great Church in Captivity (A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War Independence), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Salaville, Sévérien, 1932, Liturgies orientales, notions générales éléments principaux, Paris, Librarie Bloud & Gay. Google Scholar
Siecienski, Edward A., 2010, The Filioque. A History of a Doctrinal Controvers, New York–Oxford, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Google Scholar
Sinigalia, Tereza, 1998, Une hypothese iconographique, Revue roumaine d'histoire de l'art, serie beaux-arts, tome XXXV, p- 33-45. Google Scholar
Sinitsyna, Nina Vasil’evna, 1977, Maksim Grek v Rossii, Moskva. Google Scholar
Sinitsyna, Nina V., 2008, Rannee tvorchestvo prepodognogo Maksima Greka, in: Maksim Grek, Sochinenija, t. I., Moskva, p. ()15-83. Google Scholar
Ševčenko, Ihor, 2011, The Four Worlds and the Two Puzzles of Maxim the Greek, Palaeoslavica 19, p. 294-304. Google Scholar
Ševčenko, Ihor, 1997, On the Greek Poetic Output of Maksim Grek, Byzantinoslavica 58, p. 1–70. Google Scholar
Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson, 2011, The Service of the Virgins’s Lament Revisited, in: The Cult of the Mother of God in Byzantium. Texts and Images, Leslie Brubaker, Mary B. Cunningham (ed.), Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies, p. 247–262. Google Scholar
Wellesz, Egon, 1956, The “Akathistos”. A Study in Byzantine Hymnography, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 9/10, p. 143–174. Google Scholar
Wellesz, Egon, 1998, The History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography, Oxford. Google Scholar
Zajc, Neža, 2014, St. Ambrose of Milan and the Establishment of the Christianity within the Conventions of the New Language for the Christians, Vox Patrum, 34, t. 61, p. 157-169. Google Scholar
Zajc, Neža, 2015, Some Notes on the Life and Works of Maxim the Greek (Michael Trivolis, ca 1470 – Maksim Grek, 1555/1556). Part 1: Biography, Scrinium, vol. 11, 2015, p. 314–325. Google Scholar
Zajc Neža, 2016, Some notes on the life and works of Maxim the Greek (Michael Trivolis, ca 1470 - Maksim Grek, 1555/1556) : Part 2: Maxim the Greek's Slavic idiolect, Scrinium, vol. 12, p. 375-382. Google Scholar
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
