An attempt has been made to present Polish and Russian revolutionary movements in the period of 10 – 15 years, in the second half of the 19th century. The materials stored in Russian state archives, memoirs and hard to find scientific literature provided basis for analysis. It is emphasized in the paper that not only Russian revolutionary movements had a profound effect on Polish ones – it was the process of a bilateral character. Among others, the so called ‘economism’ present in Russian thought had its roots in ideas and principles of Polish groups and revolutionary organizations.
The paper describes, going back to 1876, the participation of Polish students in the activity of Russian underground circles and the relations between Polish and Russian revolutionary emigration, concentrated around the ‘Equality’ magazine. Polish working-class communes at Russian universities and industrial centres are presented as well.
Polish activities used to maintain the closest contacts with the Northern Union of Russian Workers, People’s Will and Black Division. The structure of the Polish Commune from St. Petersburg, as it was in the years 1879-1881, was reconstructed on the basis of A. I. Rodziewicz’s testimony. I. Hłasko, M. Wilgiński, I. Czerniecki, M. Kąkołowicz and G. Wozk were its members. Those contacts were maintained even after the Executive Committee of the People’s Will – the first central circle of the Black Division in St. Petersburg – had been dissolved.
The Polish Commune I n Kiev (K. Dłuski, K. Wojski, W. Lisowska) was also quite strong. So were the others – in Moskow, Warsaw, Puławy, Odessa, etc. The Polish Proletariat (F. J. Rechniewski, S. C. Kunicki, A. N. Dębelski and others) were closely connected with Russian revolutionary organizations, until the end of the 1880s.
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