Approaches to Research Methodology of Ethnic Stereotypes (with the Example of the Image of the Estonian in the View of Russian-speaking Students of Estonia)
К вопросу о методологии исследования этнических стереотипов (на примере изучения образа эстонца в представлении русскоязычной студенческой молодежи Эстонии)
Olga Burdakova
Narva College of the University of Tartuhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0435-280X
Jelena Nõmm
Narva College of the University of Tartuhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2920-1052
Abstract
Ethno-cultural stereotypes are the result of comparing one´s own culture, customs, traditions with that of strangers, identifying and fixing differences between the cultures of ethnic groups. Stereotypical images of different peoples exist even in the minds of those people who had no experience in communication with representatives of these ethnic groups. However, the results of the study of ethnic stereotypes of people who are in direct contact with this ethnic group and see it up close in comparison to people who evaluate it from a distance, often raises more questions than gives clear answers. The solution of these questions raises before the researcher a whole complex of methodological problems. The article will introduce a new methodological approach to reveal ethno-cultural stereotypes in the text culture and in our contemporaries’ common sense perception. To distinguish between people’s individual perception of a particular ethnos and collective stereotypes, the following qualitative and quantitative criteria are suggested: 1) bipolar orthonormal core axes of parameter distribution; 2) the significance of the axis; 3) the degree of consistency of parameters distributed on the axis; 4) the weighting coefficient of testee’s reaction.
Keywords:
ethnic stereotypes research methods of ethnic stereotypes cross-cultural communications image of Estonian Russian cultureReferences
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Fiske, S. T./Cuddy, A. J. C./Glick, P. (2007), Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. In: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11, 77-83.
Gilbert, G. M. (1951), Stereotype persistence and change among college students. In: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 46, 245-254.
Grigoryev, D./Fiske, S. T./Batkhina, A. (2019), Mapping Ethnic Stereotypes and Their Antecedents in Russia: The Stereotype Content Model. In: Frontiers in Psychology. 10, 1-21.
Karlins, M./Coffman, T. L./Walters, G. (1969), On the Fading of Social Stereotypes: Studies in Three Generations of College Students. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 13 (1), 1-16.
Katz, D./Braly, K. (1933), Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. In: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 28, 280-290.
Kiklewicz, А. (2011), Роль стереотипов в межкультурной коммуникации. B: Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski. II, 259-283.
Leerssen, J. (2007), Imagology: History and method. In: Beller, M./Leerssen, J. (eds), Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters: a critical survey. New York/Amsterdam, 17-32.
Lippmann, W. (1922), Public Opinion. New York.
Madon, S./Guyll, M./Aboufadel, K./Montiel, E./Smith, A./Palumbo, P./Jussim, L. (2001), Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 27, 996-1010.
Pageaux, D.-H. (1988), Image/Imaginaire. In: Dyserinck, H./Syndram, K. U. (eds), Europa und das nationale Selbstverständnis: Imagologische Probleme in Literatur, Kunst und Kultur des 19. Und 20. Jahrhunderts/Bonn, 367-379.
Realo, A./Allik, J./Lönnqvist, J. E. et al. (2009). Mechanisms of the national character stereotype: How people in six neighboring countries of Russia describe themselves and the typical Russian. In: European Journal of Personality. 23 (3), 229-249.
Stein, J.-P./Lu, X./Ohlera, P. (2019), Mutual Perceptions of Chinese and German Students at a German University: Stereotypes, Media Influence, and Evidence for a Negative Contact Hypothesis. In: Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 49 (6), 943-963.
Stephan, W. G./Ageyev, V./Stephan, C. W. et al. (1993), Measuring Stereotypes: A Comparison of Methods Using Russian and American Samples. In: Social Psychology Quarterly. 56 (1), 54-64.
Tajfel, H. (1981), Social Stereotypes and Social Groups. In: Intergroup Behavior. Oxford, 144-167.
Tartakovsky, E./Walsh, S. D./Lebedeva, N. et al. (2020), Is there “smoke without fire”? Applying the theory of values to the study of motivational aspects of ethnic stereotypes: The case of Jewish stereotypes in Russia. In: International Journal of Psychology. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12654.
Triandis, H. C./Lisansky, J./Setiadi, B. et al. (1982), Stereotyping among Hispanics and Anglos: The uniformity, intensity, direction and quality of auto- and heterostereotypes. In: Journal of CrossCultural Psychology. 13, 409-426.
Yzerbyt, V./Provost, V./Corneille, O. (2005), Not Competent but Warm… Really? Compensatory Stereotypes in the French-speaking World. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 8 (3), 291-308.
Yzerbyt, V. (2016), Intergroup stereotyping. In: Current Opinion in Psychology. 11, 90-95.
Агеев, В. С. (1990), Межгрупповое взаимодействие: Социально-психологические проблемы. Москва.
Андреева, Г. М. (2001), Социальная психология. Учебник для высших учебных заведений. Москва.
Богомолова, Н. Н./Стефаненко, Т. Г. (1991), Образы американца и советского человека
в восприятии московских студентов и на страницах молодежной прессы. В: Вестник МГУ. Сер. 14. Психология. 3, 3-11.
Бороноев, А. О./Павленко, В. Н. (1994), Этническая психология. Санкт-Петербург.
Гузаиров, Т./Нымм, Е. (2007), Представления о национальном характере эстонцев (по материалам русских источников конца XVIII – начала XX веков). В: Studia humaniora et paedagogica collegii Narovensis II: Ethnic Images and Stereotypes − Where is the Border Line? (Russian-Baltic Cross-Cultural Relations). Narva, 99-113.
Завьялова, М. В./Рыжакова, С. И. (2002), Этнокультурные стереотипы у латышей и литовцев: образы «своего» и «чужого». На материале опроса школьников гг. Риги и Вильнюса. В: Идентичность и толерантность. Москва, 305-328.
Новиков, А. Л./Новикова, И. А. (2019), Этнические стереотипы в контексте межкультурной коммуникации: психологические и семантические аспекты. В: Вестник РУДН. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика. 10 (4), 977-989.
Нымм, Е. (2006), Этностереотипы русских и эстонцев в анекдотах. В: Псковский регионологический журнал. 3, 180-185.
Петренко, В. Ф. (2010), Основы психосемантики. Москва.
Сикевич, З. В. (1999), Социология и психология национальных отношений. Санкт-Петербург.
Стефаненко, Т. Г. (2004), Этнопсихология. Москва.
Стефаненко, Т. Г. (2008), Этнопсихология: практикум, Москва.
Сушков, И. Р. (1988), Исследования приверженности к группе в условиях производственной организации. В: Психологический журнал. 9 (2), 144-148.
Хотинец, В. Ю. (2002), О возможности отражения в этнических стереотипах типичных черт этнического характера. В: Идентичность и толерантность. Москва, 266-284.
Шмелева, Е. Я./Шмелев, А. Д. (2002), Русский анекдот: текст и речевой жанр. Москва.
Allik, J./Mõttus, R./Realo, A. (2010), Does national character reflect mean personality traits when both are measured by the same instrument? In: Journal of Research in Personality. 44 (1), 62-69.
Beller, M. (2007), Perception, image, imagology. In: Beller, M./Leerssen, J. (eds), Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters: a critical survey. New York/Amsterdam, 3-16.
Brigham, J. C. (1971), Ethnic stereotypes. In: Psychological Bulletin. 76 (1), 15-38.
Dyserinck, H. (1966), Zum Problem der “Images” und “Mirages” und ihrer Untersuchung im Rahmen der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft. In: Arcadia. 1, 107-120.
Fiske, S. T. (2000), Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. In: European Journal of Social Psychology. 30, 299-322.
Fiske, S. T./Cuddy, A. J. C./Glick, P. (2007), Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. In: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11, 77-83.
Gilbert, G. M. (1951), Stereotype persistence and change among college students. In: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 46, 245-254.
Grigoryev, D./Fiske, S. T./Batkhina, A. (2019), Mapping Ethnic Stereotypes and Their Antecedents in Russia: The Stereotype Content Model. In: Frontiers in Psychology. 10, 1-21.
Karlins, M./Coffman, T. L./Walters, G. (1969), On the Fading of Social Stereotypes: Studies in Three Generations of College Students. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 13 (1), 1-16.
Katz, D./Braly, K. (1933), Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. In: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 28, 280-290.
Kiklewicz, А. (2011), Роль стереотипов в межкультурной коммуникации. B: Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski. II, 259-283.
Leerssen, J. (2007), Imagology: History and method. In: Beller, M./Leerssen, J. (eds), Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters: a critical survey. New York/Amsterdam, 17-32.
Lippmann, W. (1922), Public Opinion. New York.
Madon, S./Guyll, M./Aboufadel, K./Montiel, E./Smith, A./Palumbo, P./Jussim, L. (2001), Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 27, 996-1010.
Pageaux, D.-H. (1988), Image/Imaginaire. In: Dyserinck, H./Syndram, K. U. (eds), Europa und das nationale Selbstverständnis: Imagologische Probleme in Literatur, Kunst und Kultur des 19. Und 20. Jahrhunderts/Bonn, 367-379.
Realo, A./Allik, J./Lönnqvist, J. E. et al. (2009). Mechanisms of the national character stereotype: How people in six neighboring countries of Russia describe themselves and the typical Russian. In: European Journal of Personality. 23 (3), 229-249.
Stein, J.-P./Lu, X./Ohlera, P. (2019), Mutual Perceptions of Chinese and German Students at a German University: Stereotypes, Media Influence, and Evidence for a Negative Contact Hypothesis. In: Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 49 (6), 943-963.
Stephan, W. G./Ageyev, V./Stephan, C. W. et al. (1993), Measuring Stereotypes: A Comparison of Methods Using Russian and American Samples. In: Social Psychology Quarterly. 56 (1), 54-64.
Tajfel, H. (1981), Social Stereotypes and Social Groups. In: Intergroup Behavior. Oxford, 144-167.
Tartakovsky, E./Walsh, S. D./Lebedeva, N. et al. (2020), Is there “smoke without fire”? Applying the theory of values to the study of motivational aspects of ethnic stereotypes: The case of Jewish stereotypes in Russia. In: International Journal of Psychology. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12654.
Triandis, H. C./Lisansky, J./Setiadi, B. et al. (1982), Stereotyping among Hispanics and Anglos: The uniformity, intensity, direction and quality of auto- and heterostereotypes. In: Journal of CrossCultural Psychology. 13, 409-426.
Yzerbyt, V./Provost, V./Corneille, O. (2005), Not Competent but Warm… Really? Compensatory Stereotypes in the French-speaking World. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 8 (3), 291-308.
Yzerbyt, V. (2016), Intergroup stereotyping. In: Current Opinion in Psychology. 11, 90-95.
Burdakova, O., & Nõmm, J. (2021). Approaches to Research Methodology of Ethnic Stereotypes (with the Example of the Image of the Estonian in the View of Russian-speaking Students of Estonia): К вопросу о методологии исследования этнических стереотипов (на примере изучения образа эстонца в представлении русскоязычной студенческой молодежи Эстонии). Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski, 11(2), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6485
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